In regard to this research, there are only 34 out of 100 research reports which used sampling technique. These 34 research reports have yielded six
sampling techniques from both probability and non-probability types. The findings are presented through Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8: Sampling Techniques
Figure 4.8 reveals that random sampling and purposive sampling are the most frequently used sampling technique within the studied research reports as
they receive high percentage of occurrence. Random sampling was employed in 12 researches or 35.3 of occurrence. Meanwhile purposive sampling was used
in 11 researches or 32.4 of occurrence. Cluster sampling is the next sampling technique which becomes the researchers
’ preference as it was used in four
35.3
8.8 11.8
32.4
8.8
2.9
Random Stratified
Cluster Purposive
Convenience Quota
researches. As presented in the figure, both stratified and convenience sampling techniques receive the same result of occurrence with 8.8. Thus, there is only a
slight difference with cluster sampling. Another sampling technique found within the studied research reports is quota sampling which was used in one research or
2.9 of occurrence.
11. Validation Technique
Validation is considered as an important part of a research as it determines whether or not the research is acceptable. Furthermore, providing valid and
reliable instruments can enhance the research results. Unfortunately, only 33 out of 100 research reports which applied validation. The types of validation
technique found from the data are presented in the following figure.
Figure 4.9: Validation Techniques
42.4 42.4
9.1 3
3 Validity
Reliability Trustworthiness
Credibility Triangulation
As seen in the figure, there are five types of validation technique found within 33 research reports. Both validity and reliability which belong to
quantitative method receive the same result of occurrence. Each of them was found in 14 research reports or 42.4 of occurrence. Meanwhile for qualitative
method, out of the three validation techniques, trustworthiness was the most common one compared to credibility and triangulation. These findings indicate
that the use of validation technique in English educational research is still very rare despite its importance.
12. Research Result
The studied research reports revealed various research results. To make it easy in understanding the results of 100 research reports, the researcher had made
some generalizations. She had classified the results into 28 classifications which are presented in the following table.
Table 4.3: Research Results
Code Result
Total Percentage
RS01 Participants have positive attitude towards English
teaching and learning motivation to learn English, learning process, material, teacher, students, method,
assessment, test 18
15.5
RS02 Participants have negative attitude towards English
teaching and learning learning motivation to learn, learning process, material, teacher, students, method,
assessment, test 2
1.7 RS03 The reliability and validity of attitude assessment is low
1 0.9
RS04 There is no significance difference in attitude and
perception among the participants 2
1.7 RS05
There is a correlation between students ’ attitude and their
English achievement 1
0.9 RS06 The teaching methods improve students
’ motivation 8
6.9 RS07 Students have high motivation to learn English
3 2.6
RS08 Students have low motivation to learn English 4
3.4 RS09 Students with high motivation learn English better
1 0.9
