11 person’s character from author’s description on a person’s mannerism, habits or
idiosyncrasies para. 161-173.
4. Motivation
a. Definition of Motivation
Petri 1979 defines motivation as “a concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” p. 3. This
concept is used to indicate the direction of behavior. Petri also adds that some theorists state that motivation is the result of physical needs. Those physical needs
are food, water, sex, and avoidance of pain para. 4. According to Beck 1978, “motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice
direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior” p. 24. Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 1997 convey their idea about motivation as the process of
activating, maintaining and directing behavior to achieve certain goal. It deals with human’s needs, desires, and interests para. 364.
Maslow conveys his idea about human motivation into hierarchy of needs. It consists of five needs that must be fulfilled to gain satisfaction. The lower level
must be accomplished first so that individuals could meet the needs of the higher level.
The lower level of the hierarchy needs is physiological needs. It includes hunger and thirst. Human has already satisfied physiological needs most of the
time. The second is safety needs. It is about needs of security in surroundings. Maslow adds that safety needs cover familiar surroundings, secure job, saving
accounts, and insurance. It shows how people have pretension to fulfill their needs
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 in order to gain comfortable life. The third is love or belongingness needs. People
need affection. They yearn for affectionate relationship with others. Accomplishment of belongingness needs can be seen in many ways. Getting
married, having a good relation with people around, joining a certain group or organization can be one of ways to satisfy belongingness needs.
The forth level of hierarchy needs is esteem needs. Maslow classifies esteem needs into two subcategories. Those categories are a need for self-esteem
and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self-esteem encourage people to struggle for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. On
the other side, the needs of esteem from others motivate people to gain reputation, status, recognition, appreciation, and feeling of importance.
The higher level of Maslow’s hierarchy is self-actualization. It is also called level of development. At this level, one’s behaviour is motivated by a new
set of needs. Those are truth, honesty, beauty, and goodness. In addition, one is motivated to grow and become all that one will be as cited in Petri, 1979, para.
303-304.
b. Kinds of Motivation
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