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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part of this chapter is theoretical review. It presents some theories that will be used to support the
analysis of the novel. The second part is theoretical framework. In the theoretical framework, the writer explains how the theories applied and the reason why the
theories are used.
A. Theoretical Review
This part deals with some theories which relates to the study. They are critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of
motivation, theory of fear, theory of decision-making process, and Down syndrome. Those theories are presented as follow:
1. Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr 1971 in Reading and Writing About Literature,
there are five kinds of critical approaches. The first approach is the formalist approach. It concentrates on the aesthetic value of the work of
literature. It concerns with the harmonious involvement of all parts to the whole of work of literature. Second is the biographical approach. It considers a work of
art as a reflection the authors’ personality. Thus, this approach gets us to learn the authors’ biography in understanding the work of literature. The third approach is
the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach states that a work of literature
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8 refers to sociocultural-historical background. It emphasizes on the civilization of
the work of literature. Civilization itself refers to the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. Forth is the mythopoeic approach. It considered myth as
the reference in understanding the work of literature. This approach is used to find certain universally recurrent pattern of human thought which is found in the work
of literature such as ancient myths and folk rites. Fifth is psychological approach. It analyzes the characters’ behavior in a work of literature by means of
psychological theories. This approach enables us to explore human thought and behavior deeply para. 6-15.
Those five approaches have their own value, limitations, strengths, and weaknesses. We can choose the most appropriate approach in order to understand
the work of literature because not all approaches are appropriate to be applied to study the work of literature.
From those five approaches, the psychological approach is chosen to explore the character’s motivation in Kim Edwards’ The Memory Keeper’s
Daughter. Another theory is needed to explore the decision which has been made
by David, the character of the novel. That theory is theory of decision making process.
2. Character
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