18 decides what to decide. It results in the decision statement. The second phase is
design phase. In this phase, the decision maker develops the alternatives of choice. The last phase is the choice phase. The decision maker evaluates the
alternatives and chooses them. Choosing a decision can be helped by creating decision-making criteria as cited in Mallach, 2000, para. 39. Mallach states that
“decision-making criteria are what we want to optimize in a decision” p. 38. As an alternative chosen, a decision is also chosen. Then, the decision maker should
proceed on the effect of the decision.
7. Down Syndrome
a. Definition of Down Syndrome
In the website of National Down Syndrome Society, it is stated that Down syndrome was identified by John Langdon Down in 1866 “Down
Syndrome”,n.d.. For many years, as Buckley 2000 says, the term Down’s syndrome was used before they change the term into Down syndrome. The reason
is that John Langdon Down neither had nor owned the syndrome so the possessive form is not appropriate. Buckley also adds that for children with Down
syndrome’s self-image and self-esteem, they are not labeled as ‘a Down’s child’ or ‘a Downs’ but they are labeled as ‘a child with Down syndrome’ para. 5.
According to the website of National Down Syndrome Society, Down syndrome is a condition of chromosomal abnormality. Human body is constructed
by cells. Each contains a center which is called nucleus. In general, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. In an individual
with Down syndrome, there is an extra chromosome in the 21
st
chromosome. The
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19 cells contain 47 chromosomes in individual with Down syndrome instead of 46
chromosomes. The presence of additional chromosome is detected by using karyotype
. It is a visual display of the chromosomes categorized by size, number and shape. From this detection, it is shown that ninety percent of Down syndrome
is the result of the presence of an extra third chromosome. According to the presence of the extra chromosome, Down syndrome is
categorized into three, namely non-disjunction, mosaicism, and translocation. In non-disjunction, the extra chromosome is replicated in every cell of the human
body. It is the most common case of Down syndrome. Mosaicism is an error cell division that occurs after fertilization which results in a mixture of two types of
cells. They are the cells with 46 chromosomes and the cells with 47 chromosomes which have an extra chromosome in the 21
st
chromosome. Meanwhile, translocation occurs when part of the 21
st
chromosome breaks off during cell division and sticks on the other chromosomes. Individual has a normal 21
st
chromosome. It also has 21
st
chromosome’s material on the other chromosomes “Down Syndrome”, n.d.. However, Buckley 2000 says that the difference of
the presence of extra chromosome does not significantly influence the learning difficulties of individuals with Down syndrome. Children with mosaic Down
syndrome are less affected by physical and mental characteristics of Down syndrome. Meanwhile, the risk of the highest illness is in translocation p. 9.
Buckley 2000 states that children with Down syndrome can be born from parents of all social and education level, of all ethnic groups and of all ages. The
risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases with maternal age factor.
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20 The risk is about 1 in 2000 at 20 years old and 1 in 45 at 45 years old. However,
since the number of babies who are born from younger mother is higher than the number born from older mother, most of babies with Down syndrome are born by
mothers under 35 years old para. 9.
b. Characteristics of Down Syndrome
