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6. Decision-Making Process
a. Definition of Decision
Mallach 2000 states his idea about decision as a reasoned choice among alternatives. That reasoned-choice must be considered as solution of the problem.
Mallach adds that making decision is part of the broader subject of problem solving para. 37. Hansson n.d. in A Brief Introduction Decision Theory states
that decision is about option to choose between and in a non-random way. The choice is goal-directed activity. Then, Hansson sums the idea of decision into
goal-directed behavior in the presence of options para. 6. Each decision is characterized by a decision statement, a set of
alternatives, and a set of decision making criteria. Decision statement is what we are trying to decide. In other words, it deals with what decision we are going to
make. It is important to keep focus on the main subject. Alternatives are the possible decisions we can make. In other word,
alternatives are called options. Weirich states that the set alternatives can be open and closed. It is called open when the decision maker can add or invent new
alternatives. The set of alternatives is closed when there are no new alternatives added. There will be limited number of alternatives to choose. Decision with
closed alternative is divided into two, namely voluntary closure and involuntary closure. It is voluntary closure when the decision makers get himher to close the
alternatives while in involuntary closure, the decision maker is imposed by others or by impersonal circumstance as cited in Hansson, n.d., para. 23.
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b. The Decision Making Process
Condorcet conveys his idea related to decision process. He divides a decision process into three stages. The first stage consists of discussing the
principles that will serve as the basis for decision and examining the various aspects of this issue and the consequences of different ways to make the decision.
It results in a set of alternatives. In the second stage, the question is clarified, opinions which have been discussed in the first stage combined to each other in
order to achieve small number of more general opinions. The third stage is where the decision has already been made and is going to be applied as cited in
Hansson, n.d., para. 9. Guy 1990 states in her book entitled Ethical Decision Making in
Everyday Works Situations that in order to achieve a rational decision, there are
six steps to go through. The first step is defining the problem. It includes formulating key factors in question, examining the situation and identifying the
limits of the situation. The second is identifying the goal to achieve. In the third step, the decision maker is insisted to make a list of the possible solutions to the
problem. The forth is evaluating each alternative to determine the best solution. In this step, the decision maker should analyze each alternative and its benefits,
costs, and risks. Fifth is selecting alternative that has the most important value and the sixth is making a commitment to the choice and applying it para. 28-30.
Herbert Simon defines decision process into three phases, namely intelligence, design, and choice. The intelligence phase covers finding,
identifying, and formulating the problem. In this phase, the decision maker
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design phase. In this phase, the decision maker develops the alternatives of choice. The last phase is the choice phase. The decision maker evaluates the
alternatives and chooses them. Choosing a decision can be helped by creating decision-making criteria as cited in Mallach, 2000, para. 39. Mallach states that
“decision-making criteria are what we want to optimize in a decision” p. 38. As an alternative chosen, a decision is also chosen. Then, the decision maker should
proceed on the effect of the decision.
7. Down Syndrome
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