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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To give a fundamental theory to this research, this chapter presents a discussion on the related literature as a theoretical base upon which the research
presented in the chapter was conducted. The discussion includes review of the related theories, the theoretical description, and the theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Studies
The researcher found some studies related to this topic. For example, Brophy 1983 has already conducted his research entitled Research on the Self-
Fulfilling Prophecy and Teac her Expectations”. The finding in Brophy’s research
was that delivering expectation to the students was crucial. The teacher ’s
expectation behavior became a self- fulfilling prophecy; the students’ performance
can come to reflect the teachers’ belief about their ability. Related to Brophy’s
1983 research, this research also seeks to prove the importance of having a self- fulfilling prophecy based on lecturers’ perceptions.
The next related study is from Suthami 2015 who investigated about humanistic education implemented in Critical Reading and Writing CRW II
class in relation to students’ motivation and characters development. Humanistic education is actually a part of self-fulfilling prophecy. It is closely related to
students’ motivation and engagement since humanistic education’s goal is to engage students in the lesson so that they can be more motivated in learning.
13 Suthami 2015 focused on how humanistic education is implemented in CRW II
class based on lecturer’s and students’ journal. However, this research is only focused on the implementation and the influence of self-fulfilling prophecy based
on lecturers’ perceptions.
B. Theoretical Description
The theories which are going to be discussed in this chapter are relevant since they can either help to solve the research problems or enlarge particular
knowledge of the topic. Those theories consist of theories about the perceptions, the self-fulfilling prophecy, the motivation and the teacher as a learning facilitator.
1. Perception
In this section, the researcher provides three parts of discussions about perception. Those are as follows.
a. Definition of Perception
In this research, the researcher defines perception based on George and Jones 2005, who state
that perception is “the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us
” p. 76. On the other hand, definition of perception proposed by Altman, Valenzi, Hodgetts 1985 is the
way stimuli are selected and grouped by a person so that they can be meaningfully interpreted. The perception deals
with a person’s view of reality. The process starts from stimuli that person has chosen. Then the individual sensors select data
from the stimuli and allow an individual to interpret, or to give meaning to the
14 sensory message. The message is sent to the brain. Thus, the brain will process the
message into feeling. Finally, the brain continues to interpret feeling into perception. In conclusion, perception deals with cognitive process which produces
unique pictures of world, pictures which may be different from reality. In this research, the researcher deals with the perception of ELESP
lecturers’ on the implementation of self-fulfilling prophecy toward ELESP students. The discussion or the perception will cover their opinions, feelings, and
thoughts related to the implementation of self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. The Concept Creating Perception
The way individual sees things depends on how the available information is organized. Altman et al., 1985 state that the way an individual interprets or
perceives information depends on an individual’s clarity and familiarity of several aspects. They are stimuli, physical characteristics, needs and values, knowledge,
feelings and past experience. This theory explains that perception involves organizing and interpreting information and data coming from the environment so
that the information and the data can be meaningfully interpreted. The concept can be seen in figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman et al., 1985, p.86
Stimuli Sensors
selection of stimuli
Perception, organization
and interpretation
of stimuli Behavioral
response
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