The Concept Creating Perception

16 received. Therefore, the mind tries to bring order out of the unarranged sensory data by selecting certain items and putting them together in a meaningful way based on experience Altman et al., 1985. Therefore, the arrangement of stimuli affects people’s perceptions. 3 The Situation Another factor influencing perception is the situation. Altman et al. 1985 state that the way people perceive life can be affected from their expectation, situation, and past experience. Moreover, George Jones 2005 state that perceivers’ experience or knowledge schemas needs and desires motivational states filter information into their perception. It can also be said that what a person perceives i s affected by the person’s familiarity and expectations about situation. Perceiving accurately is related to how well a person adjusts his or her behavior to a situation Altman et al., 1985. It can be concluded that the situation consists of the internal factors which affects the perceivers in processing their perception. 4 Self-Concept A fourth factor which was influencing perceptions is the self-concept. The self-concept is the way individual feels about and perceives himself. The way people see themselves affects people’s perception on the world around them. Altman et al., 1985 claim that the self-concept is important since the mental picture of people determine much of what they perceive and do. 17 Based on the explanation about four factors which influence perception, it can be concluded that every individual has his or her own point of view on something. The same objects or events can be perceived differently by different person which leads to different behavioral responses or attitudes. Related to this research, perception is the way lecturers feel or think and consider about the implementation of self-fulfilling prophecy on the way they teach ELESP students.

2. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

The meaning of this concept is that if we expect something to happen in a certain way, our expectation will tend to make it so. In the world of education, between lecturers and students, it can also be found termed, self-fulfilling prophecy. Lecturers’ expectation, whether it is high or low, can be defined as self- fulfillilng prophecy. A number of lecturers tend to convey differential expectations to students, which appear to have self-fulfilling prophecy effects on them. The term of self-fulfilling prophecy as Merton 1948 originally states in the beginning is a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior which makes the originally false conception comes true. In other words, the prediction that were made by a person at the beginning of something will affects that person’s behavior in such way the person makes the prediction happen. It is also supported by Madon, Willard, Guyll Scherr 2011, who explain that self-fulfilling prophecy is a false belief that leads to its own fulfillment, and it involves three events. First, one person a perceiver must hold a false belief about another person a target. For example in negative self-