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lirwikara, lir dirgayuswa with the falling intonation on the last syllable of the word bawana, indicating an end of speech. Yet, the end of his speech was furthr strengthened
by saying good-bye by a common expression ‘nuwun’ which was pronounce in a high falling intonation.
4.6.2 At Morphological Level
As previously mentioned, the study discusses the morphological perspective, dealing with the affixation processes by means of which multi-morphemic words may be
created from a single stem root. The spelling systems used in the study are those used in Kamus Basa Jawa Bausasra Jawa by Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta 2001.
4.6.2.1 Noun Formation
Quite a great number of nouns in Mr. Sudiono’s monologue represent composed nouns by means of [stem]+ing, such as some of which quoted below.
1 sih-welasing
6 jejering
2 sedyaning
7 reroncening 3
liwaraning 8
wijiling 4
lumiring 9 sawijining
5 edining
Of the nine nouns, the nouns lumiring and sawijining are actually a mono- morphemic words. Lumiring means ‘according to’ and sawijining means ‘a’ as an
indefinite article. The other seven nouns are multi-morphemic words formed by means of affixation. A noun ‘reroncening’ undergoes ‘prefix+stem+suffix’. The stem of
reroncening is roncen, meaning ‘to arrange flowers’. When a prefix re- is added, the verb ronce becomes a noun ‘reroncen’ arrangement. Thus, it is a derivational suffix.
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When a suffix –ing is added, it will become a definite noun ‘reroncening’ the arrangement. Thus, the suffix –ing functions as a definite article. This applies in the rest
of the nouns as listed below. 1 sih-welas+ ing
love + the the love
2 sedya + ing purpose + the
the purpose
3 liwaran + ing constraint + the
the constraint
4 èdi + ing beauty + the
the beauty
5 jejer + ing basic function + the
the basic function
6 wijil + ing running down of tears + the
the running down of tears
Some nouns in Mr. Sudiono’s monologue also represent composed nouns by means of [stem]+ipun, such as some of which quoted below.
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1 panjenenganipun 2 kawigatosanipun
3 asmanipun 4 werdipun
5 pangandikanipun
It is not easy to identify the meaning of suffix-ipun in the words above. In the word panjenenganipun, for example, the stem is panjenengan you. When a suffix-ipun
is added, it becomes a conventionalized word panjenenganipun, meaning His Her Excellency, such as found in Panjenenganipun Bapak Warsono His Excellency Mr.
Warsono. However, the conventionalized word for Your Excellency is panjenengan dalem, such as found in ‘Mangga sak kersa Panjenengan Dalem’ As you wish, Your
Excellency. The word ‘kawigatosanipun’ is even more complex. The stem is wigatos, an
adjective important. When a simultaneous-fix ka+stem+an confix: a prefix and a suffix at the same time. It turns into a noun ‘kawigatosan attention. Thus, they are
derivational suffixes. When a suffix-ipun is added, it functions as a definite article. Thus, kawigatosanipun means the your attention. The confix pa+stem+an+ipun also applies
to the word ‘pangandikanipun’ the speech of which the stem is ngandika to speak. The meaning of the suffix-ipun in the other two words, asmanipun the name and
werdinipun the symbolic meaning functions as the definite article.
4.6.2.2 Verb Formation
With respect to verb formation, Mr. Sudiono, the Pranatacara employed quite a number of varieties which among others include some forms as quoted below.
1 tumedhak
2 tumanduk jiwa
3 kasalira
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4 amangun
5 badhe pun astha
6 badhe kasalira
7 badhe hangaturaken
8 hangalenggahaken kalenggehaken
9 rinakit
10 tinoto
The first three words ‘tumedhak’ and ‘tumandhuk jiwa’ and ‘kasalira’ are actually synonymous, meaning ‘to come down to one’s self’. The stem of ‘tumedhak’ is
‘tedhak’ touching down as in a noun phrase ‘tedhak siti’ which is a kind of ritual for a child whose feet, for the first time to touch the ground. In this respect there is an infix –
um- to be inserted into the stem ‘tedhak’ to become ‘tumedhak’ Similarly, the word ‘tumandhuk’ derives from the stem ‘tandhuk’+ infix –um-. The stem ‘tandhuk’ actually
means ‘horn’ and the word ‘jiwa’ soul. Thus, the combination of verb+noun forms a particular meaning of tumanduk jiwa coming down to one’self. The word ‘kasalira’
derives from the stem ‘salira’ or ‘selira’ meaning ‘self’. The prefix ka- converts the noun ‘salira’ into a verb ‘kasalira’
In short, the use of the three words together as in part of the recorded data ‘tumedak, tumanduk jiwo kasalira dumateng kula lan panjengean sedaya’ coming down
to me and you all, or become ours is a kind of rhetorical strategy called ‘pleonasm’, namely the use of superfluous or redundant words in order to enrich the thought. This is
to indicate that Mr. Sudiono is a real rhetorician in Javanese. The next verb ‘amangun’ or sometimes ‘ambangun’ derives from the stem
‘bangun’ meaning ‘to get up’ which is intransitive verb. To make it transitive, it requires a prefix a- which morphophonemically creates the presence of a nasal sound [m] to
facilitate pronunciation. Rather than saying ‘abangun’, it is easier for a Javanese to say
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‘ambangun’ or ‘amangun’ which is dialectical in nature, as found in part of the recorded data ‘sami amangun bungah’ developing creating happiness together.
The other three words of similar construction are ‘badhe pun asta’ ‘badhe ‘hangaturaken’ and ‘badhe kasalira’ in the sense that they are syntactically linked with
the modality ‘badhe’ will, would. The word ‘hangaturaken’ derives from the word ‘atur’ which is very complex in its morphological processes as shown in the following
table.
Table 4-14 Morphological Processes of the Word ‘ Atur’
Stem Affixation Composed
word Meaning
Atur Ng+Stem+i
Ngaturi pirsa To inform
Ng+Stem+aken Ngaturaken nawala
To give a letter Ngaturaken panuwun
To thank Hang+stem+aken
Hangaturaken To read out items deliver a
speech
Table 4-14 above indicates the complexity of the process of affixation for just one stem ‘atur’. To clarify, I put each of the composed words in context as follows.
1 Nuwun ngaturi pirsa bilih pinanganten kakung sampun samekta ing gati.
This is to inform that the bridegroom has been ready.
2 Kula badhe ngaturaken nawala kagem panjenengan. I would give a letter to
you.
3 Kula ngaturaken gunging panuwun. I give very much thank
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Thank you very much
4 … hangaturaken tata urut reruncening adi cara recorded data …tell a series of items.
…itemize
A similar construction to this is the word ‘ngalenggahaken’ which derives from the stem ‘lenggah’ to sit and thus ‘ngalenggahaken’ or ‘hangalenggahaken’ means ‘to
cause one to sit’ The next word is ‘kasalira’ which derives from the stem ‘salira’ self. When the
confix nya+Stem+i is added to ‘salira’, it becomes {nyasalira -n- i} ‘nyalirani’ in which it undergoes deletion of sound [sa] and addition of sound [n]. The word ‘nyalirani’
is a active form, meaning ‘to do it by themselves’. Meanwhile the word ‘kasalira’ in which a prefix ka- is added to the stem ‘salira’ is the passive form, meaning ‘be done
by’. For examples. 1
Bapak Gubernur badhe nyalirani rawuh wonten pahargyan punika
The Governor would do by himself come to reception this The Governor would come by himself to this reception.
2 Atur pambagya wilujeng badhe kasalira panjenenganipun Bapak
Warsono. A welcome address would be done by His Excellency Mr. Warsono.
A welcome address would be delivered by His Excellency Mr. Warsono.
A similar construction to this is ‘kalenggahaken’ which derives from the stem ‘lenggah’ to sit undergoing the process of confix ka+stem+aken. Thus the word
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‘kalenggahaken is a passive form, meaning ‘to be made to sit’ as in ‘Pinanganten putri kalenggahaken wonten ing kursi manten.’ The bride and groom were made to sit on the
wedding chair. The synonym of the word ‘kasalira’ is ‘dipun asta’ in which the word ‘asta’
literally means ‘hand’. Like in English language in which the word ‘hand’ can be made up into a large number of idioms, in Javanese, the word ‘asta’ can be made up into a large
number of idioms, though they are situational in nature, some of which are shown in the following examples.
1 Panjenengan ngasta wonten pundi?
You work where
Where do you work?
2 Sekar melati dipun asta Mbak Dina.
a jasmine be taken by Miss. Dina. A jasmine was taken by Miss. Dina.
3 Prabu Baladewa ajawat asta kalian Prabu Kresna kala
wingi
King Baladewa shake hand with King Kresna yesterday
King Baladewa shook hand with King Kresna yesterday.
With regards to the word ‘rinakit’ and ‘tinata’, they are the passive forms, meaning ‘be arraged’ in which the stem of the word ‘rinakit’ is ‘rakit’ with an infix –in-
inserted r-in-akit; and the stem of the word ‘tinata’ is ‘tata’ with an infix –in- inserted t-in-ata. Meanwhile, the active form of ‘rakit’ in practice, requires an initial nasal
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sound which changes the form into ‘ngrakit’; and the active form of ‘tata’ requires the initial sound t to be replaced with a nasal sound n so as to become ‘nata’.
However, it can still be argued that the stem of ‘tinata’ is still ‘tata’ with a prefix ti-+nasalized t to become n since both are alveolar. Thus, the passive form is
morphophonemically ‘tinata’ instead of ‘titata’ Some other words of this similar linguistic phenomenon include ‘tigas’ cut Æ’tinigas’ be cut, ‘tandur’ plantÆ
‘tinandur’ be planted. Here are some other words for morphological analysis.
1 apeparap
2 pinaringan
3 kasuwun
The three forms above are all passive, ‘apeparap’ be named, ‘pinaringan’ be awarded, and ‘kasuwun’ be requested. The stem of ‘apeparap’ is ‘parap’ with a prefix
a-+reduplication of the first syllable ‘pa’ and with a vowel change of a into e . This is similar to its synonym ‘ajejuluk’ be named used for a King as in ‘Narayana ajejuluk
Prabu Sri Bathara Kresna. Narayana is named crowned as Prabu Sri Bathara Kresna. The stem of ‘ajejuluk’ is ‘juluk’ with a prefix a-+reduplication of the first syllable ‘ju’
and with a vowel change [u] into [e]. Meanwhile, the stem of ‘pinaringan’ is ‘paring’ award which actually has two
passive forms, one is ‘pinaringan’ with an infix –in- and a suffix –an p-in-aring-an used in high speech level somehow archaic; and the other passive form is ‘diparingi’
with a confix di+Stem+i. Some other similar forms include ‘antem’ hitÆ ‘diantemi’ be hit, ‘surung’ pushÆ ‘disurungi’ be pushed even though these types of passive forms
have semantic values as repeated actions.
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Finally the word ‘kasuwun’ be requested is another passive form of ‘suwun’ request with a prefix ka-. Some other similar forms of this type include ‘untal’ gulpÆ
‘kauntal’ be gulped, ‘ruda paripeksa’ rapeÆ ‘karuda paripeksa’ be raped or ‘den ruda paripeksa’.
From the above analyses, it can be inferred that the morphology of Javanese is closely related to its syntax especially with respect to the passive and active forms of the
verbs. Thus, it is possible to refer to the discussion on Javanese morphology to the discussion on Javanese morphosyntax since it deals with both morphology and syntax.
The morphosyntax of Javanese deals exclusively with the passive and active voice of verb, meanwhile the morphosyntax of English—though it is not meant to make a
comparison—deals with passive and active voice, and tenses.
4.6.3 At Syntactical Level
