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knight-like social conduct belongs to ‘token’ of JUDGMENT. The word ‘nyatria’ knight-like is implicitly similar to ‘sinudarsana’ appropriate to follow.
Finally, APPRECIATION as the last sub-system of ATTITUDE, evaluates products or processes. It encompasses values which fall under the general heading of
aesthetic as well as non-aesthetic category of social valuation which includes meanings such as marahi penyakit harmful, nyenengké pleasing. It is important to note that,
while JUDGMENT evaluates human behavior, APPRECIATION evaluate natural objects. Human, however, may be appreciated rather than being judged, such as in cah
ayu beautiful girl. In Javanese the word ayu always refers to a female; thus gender is not counted. Thus, cah bagus is equivalent to a handsome boy. The word bagus always
refers to a male. The words ‘ayu’ and ‘bagus’ refer to physical characteristics and thus it is appreciation, rather than judgment.
2.12.2 ENGAGEMENT
The function of ENGAGEMENT is to negotiate heteroglossic diversity perhaps, it seems, he says, I declare, however, obviously etc. There are two
terms of negotiating meanings, namely 1 proposition, and 2 proposal as illustrated in the following figure.
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PROPOSITION
informational - puts agreement at risk
PROPOSAL
interactional - puts compliance at risk
eg. Many people support the anti- immigration One Australia Party.
eg. Vote for the One Australia Party.
Terms of negotiation
Adopted from White 1998:79
Figure 2-27 Terms of Negotiation
Similar to what I have described in the review of SFL, meanings are negotiated around two terms, namely 1 proposition in which information is supplied to supply the
missing need of information, and 2 proposal in which it can be in the form ‘request’, ‘demand’ and ‘goods--services’.
According to Appraisal Homepage 2001 the entry point for ENGAGEMENT actually just involves two types, namely 1 mono-gloss or sometimes it is termed as
‘bare declaration’ i.e. Pinanganten kakung gagah pideksa The bridegroom is athletic. which can be comparatively analyzed as follows:
[[Pinanganten kakung] [[ - ] gagah pideksa]]] [[The bridegroom] [[ is ] athletic]]]
2 hetero-gloss in which the possibility of social heterogeneity is entered, such as the following.
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1 Ketingalipun pinanganten kakung gagah pideksa. It seems that the bridegroom is athletic.
3 Mbok menawi pinanganten kakung gagah pideksa. Perhaps, the bridegroom is athletic.
4 Gotéking akathah pinaganten kakung gagah pideksa They say that the bridegroom is athletic.
5 Sapa ngira pinanganten kakung gagah pideksa. Amazingly, the bridegroom is athletic.
Meanwhile, the heteroglossic options determine heteroglossic social contexts. Each of the options has its own distinctive rhetorical properties ‘in that each differs in the
terms by which it acknowledges or invokes the heteroglossic contexts. It is further argued that.
… under a heteroglossic approach, we see utterances as necessarily invoking, acknowledging, responding to, anticipating,
revising or challenging a range of more or less convergence and divergence alternative utterances and hence social position. This
perspective, thus, provides a potent counter to the common-sense notion that certain utterances are interpersonally neutral and hence
‘factual’ or ‘objective’while others are interpersonally charged and hence ‘opinionated’ or ‘attitudal’ Appraisal Homepage 2001.
In other words, heteroglossic option can position a particular speaker writer with respect to the interpersonal dimension of meanings. Diagram 2-3 below describes entry
conditions and contextual environments
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ENGAGEMENT: entry conidtions and contextual environments
monogloss assume homogeneity
heterogloss reference heterogeneity
interactional
The Premier is viewing the papers
informational
terms of negotiation
Perhaps the Premier is viewing the documents
The Premier should view the documents.
Perhaps the Premier should view the
documents.
Adopted from White 1998:83
Figure 2-28 : ENGAGEMENT
The heterogloss further divides into two parts, one is ‘intra-vocalise’ and extra- vocalise. Intra-vocalise refers to ‘an utterance in which heteroglossic diversity is
indirectly integrated into the text as part or whole of the author’s own utterance, rather than explicitly external voice discourse White 1998:87 which characterizes extra
vocalise values. In traditional grammar, the term ‘intra-vocalise refers to the speaker’s utterance without any interference from outside either indirectly or directly. On the other
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hand, extra-vocalise refers to any utterance which is produced by either directly or indirectly quoting other resources.
It is important to note that ENGAGEMENT involves both proportion and proposal which in Javanese used by a Pranatacara can be represented as follows:
1 Proposition a. Ingkang tansah tut wuri handayani lampanging panganten kekalih,
minangaka panutuping lampah [inggih punika] rama saha ibu ingkang amangku gati Panuntun 2002:21.
Those walking behind the newly wedded couple, as supporting spirit and the ending part of the proceeding are the bride’s father and mother who
are holding the wedding reception.
b. Lumaksana jajar kalih dhampyak dhampyak punika ta warnanira para warara pangaraking lampah ingkang [asring kacandra] pindo putri
dhomas… langkung-langkung para jejaka ingkang humiyat kami tenggengen, palucitaning wardaya bilih kawedar ing lathi: “Aduh-adhuh
putri kok endah endahing warni, kapan ya aku metik sawiji kaya sri penganten iki? Panuntun 2002:20
Those walking in a group of two, side by side as the front part of the proceeding are, most often, referred to as ‘putri dhomas’ two beautiful
girls dressed in special costumes resembling two Maids of the royal family…moreover single males might have thought : “Wow, the girls
are very beautiful, when can I have one like the bride?
Both Sentence a and Sentence b are propositions. They describe events, and thus giving information. Sentence a belongs to intravocalise hetero-gloss in which the
Pranatacara simply describes what he observes on-going event. The Pranatacara uses his own utterance intravocalise without referring to outside references. Meanwhile,
Sentence b is extravocalise heterogloss in which the Pranatacara indirectly quotes a term putri dhomas commonly used to refer to the girls in addition to inserting possible
comments by single males.
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2 Proposal interactional a. Para rawuh ingkang nembe prapta kawula aturi panjenengan lajeng
paring pangestu dumaten penganten kekaling kanti salaman. For the guests who have just arrived, would you please congratulate the
newly wedded couple by shaking their hands respectively.
b. Ingkang badhe nderek tedhak sungging, mangga lajeng nyaketi sasana wiwaha.
Anyone interested in picture taking activities, kindly please come forward to the wedding stage.
Sentence a and Sentence b, in this respect, are proposals since they are requests even though in reality they are directed to the guests in general, and thus
informational but interactional in nature. In reality, since the language may not be understood by the guests, the Pranatacara usually translates the requests into Indonesian,
especially when the wedding reception is held in a setting of non-Javanese users. To summarize the discussion on ENGAGEMENT as the second sub-system of
APPRAISAL, the following diagram presents informational ENGAGEMENT: negotiating social positioning
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Informational
ENGAGEMENT
: negotiating social positioning
intra-vocalise close
disclaim
proclaim counter-expect
open
extra-vocalise pronounce
expect mono-gloss
hetero-gloss deny
Its not true the Premier viewed the documents. At no time did the Premier view the documents.
The Premier didnt view the documents. I deny the Premier viewed the documents.
Amazingly, the Premier has resigned this morning.
The Premier, of course, viewed the papers. Predictably, the Premier viewed the papers.
Id say declare the Premier viewed the papers.
The Premier did view the papers. Really, the Premier viewed the papers.
Its a fact that the Premier viewed the papers.
The Premier viewed the documents.
probabilise
appearance hearsay
Perhaps the Premier viewed the documents. The Premier may have viewed the documents.
etc It seems the Premier viewed the document.
Apparently the Premier viewed the documents etc
Its said the Premier viewed the documents. Reportedly, the Premier viewed the documents.
etc
She said, The Premier saw the documents.
insert
assimilate
She said the Premier viewed the documents.
According to the Press Secretary, the Premier viewed the documents.
etc
Adopted form White 1998:88
Figure 2-29 Informational ENGAGEMENT
Normally the Javanese language used by a Pranatacara is limited to description and requests. Therefore, the above diagram may not apply in full.
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2.12.3 GRADUATION
