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relevance to the study, I focus on 1 morphology poly-morphemic words and morphological processes, 2 syntax simple sentence, compound sentence, complex
sentence, and compound-complex sentence.
2.6.1 Javanese Morphology
The Javanese language is rich in word formation in which one root or stem can be developed into a number of poly-morphemic words. The difference between ‘root’ and
‘stem’ seems confusing. In modern linguistics, however, they are interchangeably minimal linguistic form base forms to which affixes can be attached McArthur
1992:876. In Javanese, there are basically three types of word formations, namely morphemic affixation, morphemic reduplication, and morphemic compound, all of which
have grammatical meanings and are bound in nature Sudaryanto 1992. Suharno 1982 classifies a word into ‘the simple word’, ‘the composed word’,
‘the nuclear word’, and ‘the peripheral word’ or ‘the suffix’. A word is classified as the simple word when it contains one lexical unit only or sometimes referred to as a ‘word-
root’ Suharno 1982:13. It is important to establish such a definition since there are many Javanese verbs that require an obligatory affixation as soon as a formation process starts
to establish them. Suharno 1982:13 exemplifies the simple word ‘adeg’
1
stand, verb or noun specified in the most general way. However, as soon as it is specified as ‘action’,
then the action feature entails a certain prefix which forms the root to become an action verb ‘ngadeg’. If it is specified as a process verb, then it becomes ‘madeg’ to take a
stand. If it is specified as an action-process verb, it becomes ‘ngadegake’ to erect. A monosyllabic word is always a simple word.
1
In the review of literature, I maintain the use of formal Javanese spelling system
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The so-called ‘composed word’ is a word that involves an extension of a simple word either in terms of affixation, reduplication, or combination Suharno 1982:13. It is
further stated that. An affixation involves prefixes, infixes and suffixes. A
reduplication is of two types. The first type is a reduplication of the first syllable of a word. There are two types of combination.
The first involves a combination of two words of related meanings. The second type involves a combination of two words
of unrelated meanings Suharno 1982:13-4.
Thus, in Javanese, it is likely that every simple word will have to be entailed with certain features depending on the specifications. It is called morphological process. For
examples: 1 mlaku walk Æ mlaku-mlaku take a walk
2 bali return Æ bola-bali to and from 3 tuku buy Æ tetuku do some shopping
4 tanduran plantÆ tetanduran a collection of plants 5 sato animal Æ satokewan animal kingdom
Suharno 1982:24-5-6-7 The nuclear word and the peripheral word differ in terms of the notion of
centrality of the verb in a sentence. It is argued that The dependency relations of a verb with the nouns that may
accompany it in a sentence function as the valence of the verb. This valence establishes the basic component of a sentence, i.e. the
proposition of the sentence Fillmore 1968:23. The other component of a sentence is the modal component which does not
belong to the valence of the verb Suharno, 1982:14.
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Thus, it can be inferred that a nuclear word is a word which is central with reference to the proposition. The function of a nuclear word is always implied by the
verb, i.e the nucleus proposition. Suharno 1982:27 outlines that a Javanese verb may be selectionally specified as one of the following: 1 State, 2 Action, 3 Process, 4
Action-Process, 5 State-Experiential, 6 State-Benefactive, 7 State-Locative, 8 Action-Experiential, 9 Action-Benefactive, 10 Action-Locative, 11 Process-
Experiential, 12 Process-Benefactive, 13 process-Locative, 14 Action-Process- Experiential, 15 Action-Process-Benefactive, 16 Action-Process-Locative
2
. With respect to the peripheral word, it is not central with reference to a
proposition. Rather, it is present in the surface representation by virtue of its function to expose the relationships of the nuclear words, or its function to attribute the diagnostics of
the observable meaning of the proposition in the surface representation Suharno 1982:14. In this respect, the Javanese peripheral words may be sub-divided into four
types: emotives, conjunctives, relators, specifier
3
with emotives as the most independent peripheral words Suharno 1982:65.
Finally, the Javanese affix, i.e. a prefix, an infix, or a suffix is an appendage that is linked to a word of which the function has to do with the expansion of a simple word into
a composed word. This will be discussed further in the Javanese morphological process, that is how a simple word undergoes a particular process in order to become a composed
word. It can be outlined as follows:
For morphemic affixation, the affix prefix, suffix, infix or confix is added to the root stem. Table 2-2 below shows the Javanese affixes Sudaryanto 1992:20.
2
Please see Suharno 1982: 27-46 for detailed examples for each.
3
Please see Suharno 1982:65-73 for detailed examples for each.
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Table 2-2 The Javanese Affixes Inflection and Derivation
Prefix Suffix Infix Confix n-
di- tak-
kok- ma-
mer- ka-
ke- a-
aN- sa-
paN pa-
pi- pra-
kuma- kapi-
-i -ake
-a -en
-na -ana
-an -e
-um- -in-
-el- -er-
ka--an -in--an
ke--an ke--en
paN--an pa--an
pi--an pra--an
tak--ane tak--ke
tak--e kami--en
sa--e
Source: Sudaryanto 1992:20 However, the above affixes are not all used in the language of pranatacara. Some
of them belong to lower accessible speech level. The following illustration may clarify the differences between lower speech level ngoko and higher speech level krama-
inggil. The original affixes as listed above may be given additional particles to change the ngoko affixes to become the karma-inggil affixes.
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Table 2-3 Ngoko Vs. Krama Inggil
Root Ngoko
Root Krama Inggil
Meaning
Kongkon kon
bojo
kembang
dikongkon dikon
bojone
kembange
dhawuh
utus garwa
sekar
dipundhawuhi didhawuhi
dipunutus diutus
garwanipun garwane
sekaripun sekare
to be asked to to be asked to
to be asked to to be asked to
spouse spouse
flower
Table 2-3 only serves to illustrate a small number of possible changes. In the analysis, I try to describe the process of affixation of the pranatacara’s poly-morphemic
words—how a single root of word can be developed into complex or composed words. The morphemic reduplication in the Javanese language applies to verbs,
adjectives, nouns and even adverbs of time. There are basically four types of reduplication, namely full reduplication fR, full reduplication with phonetic changes
fRph, partial reduplication pR, and partial reduplication with phonetic changes pRph. Such morphemic processes are called morphophonemic processes since they may
involve both morphological and phonological processes See also p.45 It is argued Sudaryanto, et al. 1992 that in terms of linear dimension,
morphemic reduplication process can be either progressive or regressive. By progressive reduplication is meant that the base form is mentioned first as in ngalang-alangi base
form: ngalang meaning ‘to prevent’, nganak-anake base or stem: nganak meaning ‘to make available by force’. Meanwhile, by regressive reduplication is meant that the base is
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mentioned later as in ditulang-tulungi base form: ditulungi meaning ‘to be helped again and again’, reresik base form: resik meaning ‘cleaning activities’. This type of process
is therefore inflective in nature. Morphemic reduplication may also convert the part of speech of one base form
into another as in omah N: house into omah-omah V: to get married and have family. In this respect, the noun omah can be morphologically converted into a verb using full-
reduplication omah-omah. The resik Adj: clean into reresik or resik-resik V: to clean undergoes both partial and full reduplication. This type of process is, therefore, derivative
in nature. The speech decorum of Javanese will be discussed at some length in a separated sub-heading 2.6.3.3.
2.6.2 Javanese Syntax
