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rhythm, and intonation which are not normally used in normal interaction. A visible speech program must be employed to identify the suprasegmental features. Thus, a good
pranatacara as a rhetorician has to possess communicative competence. With respect to the rhetorical processes, Black 2002:133-136 outlines a
storehouse of rhetorical terminology normally used in literary texts as tabulated below
see Table 2-1.
2.3 Communicative Competence
In order for a rhetorician to perform good work, as I have previously mentioned, he or she has to be equipped with a considerable degree of communicative competence
which consists of language competence, strategic competence and psychophysiological competence. Language competence itself is further sub-divided into two parts:
organizational competence and pragmatic competence.
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Table 2-1. Rhetorical Terminologies No Terminology
Description
1. Alliteration The
repetition of words beginning with the same letter 2. Anacoluthon
A failure to produce formal grammatical agreement
3. Anaphora Forms with the same meaning in analogous position
4. Anastrophe Words occurring in final position in a previous clause
and initial position in the next clause. 5. Antithesis
Rhetorical contrast, as in you work, I play. 6. Aposiopesis
A deliberate value to end a sentence under the influence of a strong emotion like anger or fear
7. Asyndeton Omission of conjunctions that would normally link
words, phrases, or sentences. 8. Chiasmus
The arranging of lines crosswise, resembling Greek letter 9. Euphemism
Toning down of speech that is either too rude or harsh. 10. Hendiadys
A single compound idea expressed by two parts as though they were independent, the several parts being
soldered with the conjunction and.
11. Hyperbole The use of exaggeration to emphasize, not to deceive.
12. Irony Rhetorical device whereby you say the opposite of what
you mean. 13. Litotes
The use of understatement to impress another 14. Metaphor
A picture
of the literal and physical carried over to the moral and spiritual.
15. Metonymy The
substitution of
an attribute or a characteristic for the
person or thing having that attribute or characteristic 16. Paronomasia
The formation of a word with a slight change. 17. Periphrasis
Indicating the same things: roundabout speech 18. Pleonasm
The use of more words than necessary 19. Zeugma
Putting together words that do not properly go together
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In accordance with the study, a good pranatacara has to possess considerable organizational competence in the sense that he has been equipped with grammatical
competence and textual competence. Grammatical competence implies that he has to master vocabulary, morphology, phonology graphology and syntax of the language in
question Javanese. Meanwhile textual competence includes the ability to provide cohesion and rhetorical organization of the text.
In addition, a good pranatacara has to possess pragmatic competence which consists of illocutionary competence functional abilities and sociolinguistic competence
the mastery of dialect, register and cultural references. Apart from language competence as previously mentioned, communicative
competence includes strategic competence and psychophysiological competence. By strategic competence is meant that a good pranatacara has a thorough knowledge of what
to do and what not to do in a particular context of situation, while psychophysiological competence implies that a good pranatacara has to be psychologically and
physiologically matured. In other words, he is in a good state of mind and has no speech defects. Further requirements for a good pranatacara will be described in 2.7 below.
2.4 The Javanese Language: an Overview
