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experiential distance continuum by which spoken text is characterized as language companying social process or language as action; while written text is characterized as
language constituting social process or language as a reflection Eggins 1994:54. Furthermore, the fifth or last element of sociosemiotic theory of language is of a
social structure. The social structure incorporated into the interpersonal function of language creates the norms of speech or as functionalists refer to as the tenor of
language. It rules out how attitudes towards the use of language differ from one individual to another Halliday 1978:114.
Secondly, with respect to the sociolinguistic view of semantics, I will not itemize as previously mentioned. Rather, I will just highlight that, as stated by Halliday
1978:116 that ‘There is thus a systematic correspondence between the semiotic structure of the situation types and the functional organization of the semantic system’ that can be
outlined in as follows. 1 ideational systems are activated by features of field
2 interpersonal systems are activated by features of tenor 3 textual systems are activated by features of mode
Halliday’s view on social semiotic theory of language will be further elaborated in 2.9 on the outline of Systemic Functional Linguistics.
It should be noted that semiotics can be further dealt with in terms of broader philosophical perspective called ‘rhetoric’ which I will describe below.
2.2 Rhetoric
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Philologically, the word rhetoric ‘can be traced back ultimately to the simple assertion I say’. Thus, it has almost anything related to the act of saying something to
someone—in speech or in writing. Diagram 2-1 Badib 2002 elaborates rhetoric at philosophical level in a diagram See Diagram 2-1 in which it covers pragmatics,
discourse, stylistics. In this respect, stylistics, which cannot be separated from pragmatics and
discourse, consists of linguistics and literary criticism. In other words, pragmatics as ‘the branch of linguistics deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of
language in particular situation Sinclair 2001:1202. Meanwhile, discourse is defined as natural spoken or written language in context of particular subject Sinclair 2001:434.
These two somehow contribute to the nature of stylistics, which describes things relating to the methods and techniques used in creating a piece of writing…art Sinclair
2001:1552.
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adapted from Badib, 2002
Figure 2-1 Rhetoric at Philosophical Level
Linguistics deals with non literary texts speeches which can be about politics, religion, culture, or even mass media while literary criticism deals with literary texts
which can be novel, drama, or poetry. With respect to the study, it is located between linguistics and literary criticism. It
belongs to linguistics because it deals with culturally-bound texts speeches of Javanese of Pranatacara. As well, it belongs to literary criticism since it has something to do
beauty of language by means of figurative language, specific pronunciation, pace,
RHETORIC
PRAGMATICS DISCOURSE STYLISTICS
LINGUISTICS LITERARY CRITICISM
NON LITERARY TEXTS SPEECHES
LITERARY - TEXT
DRAMA POETRY NOVEL
MASS MEDIA CULTURE
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rhythm, and intonation which are not normally used in normal interaction. A visible speech program must be employed to identify the suprasegmental features. Thus, a good
pranatacara as a rhetorician has to possess communicative competence. With respect to the rhetorical processes, Black 2002:133-136 outlines a
storehouse of rhetorical terminology normally used in literary texts as tabulated below
see Table 2-1.
2.3 Communicative Competence
