G. Technique of Data Analysis
Technique of data analysis used in the study is statistical analysis with t-test. T- test was used to test the difference between pre-test and post-test.
8
Moreover, Sudjiono said that t-test was used to examine the truth of null hypothesis which stated
there is no significant difference between two variables. The formula is as followed:
9
= The process of t-test was as follows:
a. Determining D difference between the score result of variable XPre-test and variable Y Post-test, with formula:
D = X-Y b. Add D and getting ∑ D Total score between X and Y
c. Determining mean from differences MD, with formula: MD =
N =Number of students experiment class d. Determining standard of deviation from difference of variable X and YSD
D
, with formula:
= [
]
e. Determining the degree of freedom df, with formula: df = N-1
f. Determining the standard of deviation from the mean of D
=
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Dr. Budi Susetyo, Statistika Untuk Analisis Penelitian, Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama, 2010, p. 208.
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Anas Sudjiono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo, 2008, p. 305.
g. Determining t
o
t Observation, with formula: =
H. Rubric of Scoring Writing
To evaluate students’ writing, the writer used an analytic score in order to be more reliable in scoring students writing. The following rating scale devised by
Jacob, et al 1981.
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Scoring Element
Scale Quality
Description
Content 30-27
Excellent to Very Good
Knowledgable – substantive – thorough development of thesis
– relevant to assigned topic.
26-22 Good to
Average Some knowledge of subject – adequate
rang – limited development of thesis – mostly relevant to topic, but lack detail.
21-17 Fair to Poor
Limited knowledge of subject – little substance – inadequate development of
topic.
16-13 Very Poor
Does not show knowledge of subject – non substantive – not pertinent or not enough
to evaluate.
Organization
20-18 Excellent to
Very Good Fluent
expression –
ideas clearly
statedsupported –
succinct –
well- organized – logical sequencing – cohesive.
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Arthur Hughes, Testing for Language Teachers 2
nd
edition, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 104.
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