Definitions of Translation Definitions of Slang Language

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CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definitions of Translation

There are many definitions of translation on the references that all give the theories, they are: According to Nida and Teber, “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of a source language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” 5 From the explanation, reproducing means made to closely resemble, copy or equivalent of source language to target language . According to Newmark, “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. ” 6 From the explanation, rendering means a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language. And according to J.C.Catford, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. ” 7 From the explanation, replacement means a process of replacing or of being replaced; substitution of source language to target language. 5 Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber, The Theory and Practie of Translation, Leiden: EJ Brill, 1974, p. 12. 6 Peter Newmark , A Textbook of Translation, London :Prentice Hall, 1998, p.5. 7 J.C.catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation; An Essay in Applied Linguistic, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p.20. Based on those definitions above there are three purposes in translation: the first, it Includes two languages; the source language SL and target language TL. The second, Translation is to defend the content from message or meaning in source language text to target language text. And the third, a translator tries to find the equivalent of source language text to target language text.

B. Definitions of Slang Language

Slang has been described as “language that is being slung about instead of being handled with stately consideration”. It is often vigorous, colorful and to the point. 8 So, slang is not stylistic means, but loaded with expressive content. Many linguists have written about the slang language. This might be due to the uncertainty status, so that there are many definitions about a variety of slang. Among them: “Slang is a form of language that is not appropriate for either formal writing or speech. ” 9 Then According Eric Partridge, “Slang is easy enough to use, but very hard to write about with the facile convincingness that a subject apparently so simple would, at first sight, seem to demand. But the simplest things are often the hardest to discuss, for it is usually at first sight only that their simplicity is what strikes one the most forcibly. ” 10 “And slang being the quintessence of 8 Hans P.Guth, and Edgar H.Schuster, American English Today; The Uses of Language, New York: Mc Graw-Hill book Company, 1970, p.190. 9 Grammar Speech and Style, India: New Delhi, Pentagon Press, 2005, p.93. 10 Eric Partridge, Slang Today and Yesterday, London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1950, p.1. colloquial, must always be related to convenience rather than to scientific laws, grammatical rules and philosophical speech. ” 11 The definition of slang receives a particularly systematic treatment. Slang here is defined as any expression that meets at least of the following criteria paraphrased: a. It lowers the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing. b. Its use implies that the user’s is familiarity either with the referent or with the less statusful or less responsible class of people who have such special familiarity and use the term. c. It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility. d. It is used in placed of the well-known conventional synonym. Especially in order to 1 protect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or 2 protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration. 12 Here are examples of sentences in English subtitles that contain the words and slang phrases: • What the hell are you doing? The hell has no meaning. The hell as an insert is used to punctuate sentences what are you doing? This sentence can be spoken in anger, or spoken to friends who are very familiar. It also depends on intonation. • Bloody: The meaning is bleeding, but this word is often used to show annoyance or emphasis on the word that follows it, like bloody hell. Different groups use different slang. Heres an example: • American Slang: Whats up, dude? • English slang: Alright? 11 Ibid,.p.4. 12 http:americanspeech.dukejournals.orgcgireprint79159. Accessed on September 8, 2010. • Australian Slang: Gday, mate • General Slang: Hows it going? Based on those definitions above the writer knows that every linguist has his own theory about slang. But the writer can conclude that slang appears because young and attractive person wants something fresh, new, and original words to share their ideas, emotion, and desire.

C. History of Slang Language