24 Ryan Tedder. The other song entitled Army of Angels was created by
O‟Donoghue, Sheehan, and Frampton Wikipedia.com.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
The researcher did five steps to gather the data. Firstly, the researcher listened to The Script‟s eleven songs for about five times to gain a deeper
understanding about the meanings of the songs. YouTube and Windows Media Player were used to listen to the songs. Secondly, the researcher searched for the
lyrics of all eleven songs on the internet. The songs were categorized according to the title as seen in Appendix 4.1 - 4.11. Thirdly, the researcher listened to the
songs over and over again while reading the lyrics that were gathered from the internet. The researcher observed and recorded the lyrics. The researcher made
sure that the lyrics gathered from the internet were as the same as the lyrics in the songs. Fourthly, the researcher made a checklist and classified the lyrics
figuratively based on the language used. Lastly, the researcher analyzed the meanings of the lyrics and gave reasons or comments why the certain lyrics are
included in the certain types of figurative language.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
This section aimed to explain the techniques conducted by the researcher in analyzing the data. Firstly, the researcher made an index based on the theories
presented in the previous chapter. Secondly, the researcher categorized the data based on the types of figurative language. This process is also called coding.
According to Croker 2009, p. 51, “coding means to label or give names to
25 passages within the text which express a particular idea or refer to an event.” In
order to make the categorization clearer, the researcher made Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Observation Sheet of Types of Figurative Language by Each Song
1. No Good in Goodbye
1
All the things that we‟ve lost
2
Breaking off comes at a cost
3
I know I‟ll miss this mistake Me
Si H
Mi IE
RQ My
Ir S
P
Abbreviations:
Me : Metaphor
IE : Idiomatic Expressions
Ir : Irony
Si : Simile
RQ : Rhetorical Questions
S : Sarcasm
H : Hyperbole
My : Metonymy
P : Personification
Mi : Meiosis
Furthermore, the index as seen in Appendix 1 helped the researcher to categorize the lyrics of the songs based on the types of figurative language. Then,
the researcher compared and interpreted the lyrics based on the context of each song. To avoid misinterpretation of the meaning, the researcher validated the
analysis by the assistance of two experts in figurative language. The experts validated the analysis by reading the record of figurative language in each song as
seen in Appendix 4.1 – 4.11 and the list of data classification of figurative
language types as seen in Appendix 3. They gave comments and suggestions on the analysis orally to the researcher. Furthermore, they corrected the wrong
analysis so that the researcher obtained the correct analysis. Lastly, after all the songs were analyzed and classified based on the table, the researcher summarized
and concluded the data analysis. Moreover, the researcher used Table 3.2 to present the results of data analysis. The table consisted of the eleven song titles
and figurative language types. Moreover, it showed the total number and figurative language types used in each song.
