Mechanical, Meaningful, and Communicative Practice

23 expectations from speeches course are making students to become better organized, guiding students to learn more about preparing a speech, or to help students to think more clearly and critically. Critical Listening and Speaking 1 Class which provides impromptu speech practice is one of the most beneficial courses because it forces the students to perform a speech in front of many people. It can also improve students‟ ability to speak in front of audience because they only have a little time to prepare the main idea of the topic. As Zarefsky 1996 adds, by improving presentation skills, students may become more self-confident and more willing to engage in serious dialogue with others. In CLS 1 Class, the lecturer is not only giving the students opportunity to practice the impromptu speech practice, but also another type of speech. In order to know the situation in real life conversation, the lecturer provides another materials about doing speech. According to Ross 1996, in order to master speech in public, there are some types of speeches which have to be mastered. Speeches are given every day to inform, to persuade and to entertain.

a. Speech to Inform

The speakers inform the audience with new information, help the audience to understand more deeply about some information the audience has already possessed. According to Grice and Skinner 1993 speech to inform is a speech to impart knowledge, enhance understanding, or facilitate application of information. The lecturer in CLS 1 Class provides the opportunity to the students to experience an informative speech in front of audience. 24

b. Speech to Persuade

The focus of persuasion is not on the source, the message or the receiver, but all of them cooperate to make a persuasive process. According to Grice and Skinner 1993, persuasion is the process by which a communicator influences the values, beliefs, attitudes or behavior of another. A key to understand persuasion is the concept of influence. The lecturer of CLS 1 Class also gives an opportunity to persuade the audience through practicing persuasion speech.

c. Speech to Entertain

Delivering speech can be in both formal and informal situation. One of the purposes of speech is to give entertainment to the audience. According to Ross 1965, t he “fun”, after-dinner, or radio-television speeches are the most typical examples of speech to entertain. The lecturer also teaches the students to entertain the audience through practicing entertainment speech. The implementation of an activity in a Classroom needs to be improved continuously. As it is stated at the previous chapter about the significance of the study, students‟ responses can give an innovation for the lecturers in implementing better teaching and learning activity. Dunkin and Biddle 1974, and Good and Brophy 1987 mention some effective teaching as follows: 1 Ask student, experienced teachers, principals, and college professors to list the characteristics they associate with good teaching, 2 Choose several Classrooms and do intensive case studies on them over a long period, including in-depth interviews with students and teachers. Keep the student s‟ performance records,