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4. Multiple Intelligences Theory
The theory of Multiple Intelligence was introduced and developed first in 1983 by Howard Gardner. He defines intelligence as the ability to find and solve problems
and create products of value in one’s own culture. People can solve their problems through their abilities and talent. Every learner has a specific and unique strength.
Therefore, other intelligences cannot be ignored. Qualified human resources are supported by a good education. A good education
will prepare us for the development of our country. We need to prepare ourselves to face the changes in all aspects of humanity. Armstrong 1994: 1 defines Multiple
Intelligences theory as a contribution of cognitive science. Multiple intelligences theory recognizes that intelligence can come in many aspects of humanity.
a. Types of Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences theory tells that our intelligences are multifaceted. Learner is a unique profile who has their own learning styles and intelligence. Each
person has all of these intelligences but heshe has different level of intelligence. These intelligences can be developed through training and practice. According to
Howard Gardner 1999: 41-43, Multiple Intelligences are classified into eight intelligences. They are:
1 Linguistic Intelligences
This intelligence involves the ability to use and learn language effectively to achieve certain goals. It also includes the ability to use language in spoken and written
language. The important thing of linguistic intelligence that language is a means to remember information.
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2 Logical-mathematical Intelligence
It consists of the ability to use numbers effectively. It includes the ability to detect patterns and to reason well.
3 Musical Intelligence
Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical pattern. It covers the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches,
tones, and rhythm. 4
Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves the potential of using one’s whole body or
parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements.
5 Spatial Intelligence
Spatial intelligence is an ability to perceive the visual, to orient oneself in environment, to create mental images, and sensitivity to shape, size, and color.
6 Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence indicates a person’s ability to understand the intentions, motivatio ns, mood and feeling of other people. It allows people to work effectively
with others. 7
Intrapersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s
feelings and motivation, and to recognize one’s strengt hs and weaknesses. 8 Naturalist Intelligence
Naturalist intelligence is an ability to understand and organize the patterns of nature.
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Howard Gardner items were provisional. The first two are ones that have been typically valued in schools, the next three are usually associated with the arts, and the
final two are personal intelligences.
b. Characteristics of Learner based on Multiple Intelligences Theory
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