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English instructional materials; they can apply and implement these designed materials in the classroom to find out its strengths, weaknesses and effectiveness.
4. The writer
For the writer, the research gives more knowledge in designing materials and brings a new perspective in teaching English through various activities using Multiple
Intelligences theory.
G. Definition of Terms
There are several terms in this study that need to be defined in order to avoid misunderstanding.
1. Design
The meaning of “designing” refers to instructional design process. Designing is an activity in making and developing a plan of something we want to do next, and it is
a set of activities in forming and establishing a program in order to achieve a certain goal. The instructional design means a set of materials to teach English which contains
the activities to prepare the students in learning English. In this study, the writer designed the lesson plan and materials as the guidance in the teaching- learning
processes. It is needed in order to achieve the learning objective of the teaching- learning processes. The materials provide various activities to develop the students’
ability in learning English. Therefore, the writer designed a set of English instructional materials incorporating Multiple Intelligences theory for the fourth grade of SDN
UNGARAN II Yogyakarta. 2.
Instructional Materials According to Dick and Reiser 1989: 58, the instructional design is
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“defined as a systematic process for designing the materials made by the teacher or instructional designer for the teaching instructions.” Instruction materials can be in the
form of printed materials, computer assisted instructions and television instruction. In this study, designing a set of English instructional materials means arranging or
planning a program containing some resources for language activities. Moreover, instructional means that a set of English materials is designed to develop the previous
English materials used in the classroom. Therefore, the instructional materials are used to develop the designed materials for the fourth grade of SDN UNGARAN II
Yogyakarta by using Multiple Intelligences theory. 3.
Elementary School Elementary school student is a unit of basic education which runs a six year
education program Peraturan Pemerintah RI No.28, 1990. The regulation of the Republic of Indonesia 1989 states that those who are not less than six years old have a
right to join in a basic education. In this study, the term elementary school refers to a school which consists of children between 6 to 12 years old. Children in the
elementary school grow and develop during their six years in school. They are divided into two: the primary grade during the first three years and the intermediate grade
during the last three years Cole, 1956: 124. This study focuses on the fourth grade students of SDN UNGARAN II Yogyakarta.
4. Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner 1983: 34, defines intelligence as “the ability to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting.” He
describes eight types of intelligences: verballinguistic, logicalmathematical, musicalrhythmic, visualspatial, bodykinesthetic, inter-personal, intra-personal, and
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naturalist. In this study, Multiple Intelligences theory proposes an alternative definition of intelligence. Howard Gardner proposes “a pluralistic view of the mind,
recognizing many different and discrete facets of cognition and acknowledging that people have different cognitive strengths and contrasting cognitive styles” Christison
1998: 3.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
