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F. Definition of Terms
In this part, the writer presents some terms which are used in this study to avoid misunderstanding while the readers read this thesis. The terms are stated as
follows:
1. Instructional Material Design
The term design according to Tomlinson 2004 is an overall plan which governs the appearance and functions of materials. Therefore, instructional
material design is a set of English materials that contains activities in class in order to prepare the students in learning English in the next level of education
Kemp, 1977, p. 6.
2. Vocabulary
Krashen 1981 argues that vocabulary is a basic to communicate and also important for the acquisition process. It means that vocabulary is important to
introduce it as step to the children in order to help them understand utterances and to prepare them to learn English in the higher level p. 12. Lado 1996, p. 114
states that vocabulary as a form of expression which is associated with the content of meaning. Vocabulary is best learnt when the meaning of the word is illustrated,
for example by action Sarah, 1993, p. 68.
3. Outdoor Learning Activity
Ford 1981 defines outdoor learning activity as an experiential process of learning by doing, which takes place primarily through exposure to the out-of-
doors. By doing outdoor learning activity, the students can make the relationships, such as a relationship between people and a relatinship between natural resources.
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4. The Fifth Grade Students of SD N Jaranan
The fifth grade students become the object of the study. Based on the observation which is conducted by the writer, the students of the fifth grade in SD
N Jaranan lack vocabulary. Furthermore, the students get bored easily. Therefore, outdoor learning activity is an appropriate way to help the students enrich their
vocabularies.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter concerns the discussion related to the theories and literatures underlying this study which is divided into two parts, namely theoretical
description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This part discusses the theories related to the topic of this study. It consists of the theory of instructional design models, teaching vocabulary, and outdoor
learning activity.
1. Instructional Design Models
There are many kinds of instructional design models which can be employed as the basic to design materials. In this study, the researcher used two
models of instructional design as the theories. They were Kemp’s model 1977 and Yalden’s model 1987.
a. Kemp’s Instructional Design Model
The writer used Kemp’s model since this model provided the detailed-steps and it can also be started from any step. Kemp 1977 said that instructional
design is the approach and procedures in instructional technology p.8. This model can be applied at any education level such as elementary, secondary, and
college. Kemp 1977, p.8 stated that there are three questions or elements which must be considered in designing materials. They are 1 what must be learned?
objectives, 2 What procedures and resources will work best to reach the
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