CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY
This chapter presents the theory which is used to analyze the data in this research, namely individual psychological perspective. This chapter is divided
into four parts. The first part is notion of individual psychological. The second is basic concept of individual psychological that consists of fictional finalism,
inferiority feeling, striving for superiority, social interest, style of life, and creative power of self. The third is structural elements of the novel. The last is theoretical
application.
A. Notion of Individual Psychology
According to Adler individual psychology is “a science that attempts to understand the experiences and behavior of each person as an organized
entity” Ryckman, 1985: 95. He also imagined a person to be connected or associated with the surrounding world. So in other words, individual
psychology is presented to understand the experience and behavior of every person which relates to the outside world. Adler Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:
141 believes that “major purposes of personality theory should be to serve as an economical and fruitful guide for therapist and ultimately for everyone in
affecting change toward more psychologically healthy behavior”. Personality theory must be able to influence a person’s behavior to be better.
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Adler states that “individual psychology represents that the human being as single, invisible, self-
consistent, and unfired” Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 139. Adler makes “consciousness of the centre of personality, which
make him pioneer in the development of an ego- oriented psychology” Hall
and Lindzey, 1981: 121. Man conscious being, he is ordinarily aware of the reason for his behavior. He is a conscious of his inferiorities and conscious of
the goals for which he strives. More than that, he is a self-conscious of individual who is capable of planning and guiding his actions with full
awareness of their meaning for his own self realization Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 121.
Based on those theories, it can be concluded that the aim of Individual Psychology is to understand the individual style of life as a part of the whole.
The subject involves the understanding of the whole, the life of mankind and the social relation with the other sex. They can live in any condition to
survive because they have a power of sense and powerful of life strategies to be used as a life’s motivation. So they can reach the goal and be superior. In
individual psychology we learn about behavior of individual and they improve their behavior in social life to be better. This process can be
influenced by many ways, there are fictional finalism, inferiority feeling, striving for superiority, social interest, style of life, and creative power of the
self. There are many aims of life among others and to get better personality.
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