Previous Studies THEORETICAL REVIEW

According to Nedergaard-Larsen 2008: 20, geographical category has four subcategories. The subcategory of geography consists of geographical elements such as mountain and rivers, such as Himalaya and the Nile . The subcategory of meteorology contains elements connected to weather and climate, such as hurricane and breezy . The subcategory of biology consists of flora and fauna, such as elephants and jasmine . The subcategory of cultural geography consists of regions, towns, roads, streets etc, such as Park Lane and Chelsea . The historical category has three subcategories, which are buildings, events and people. The examples of the subcategory of buildings are Buckingham Palace and White House and the example of historical events are Thanksgiving and World War Two . The subcategory of people consists of well-known historical people, such as Queen Elizabeth and John F. Kennedy . The society category is divided into five subcategories. The subcategory of industrial level consists of trade, industry, energy supply, etc. The example of this subcategory is coal . The subcategory of social organization contains elements that are connected to defence, juridical system, police, and local and central authorities. The examples are NYPD and FBI . The subcategory of politics consists of ministries, political parties, politicians etc. The examples are Republican Party and Ministry of Education . The subcategory of social condition is the subcategory for subcultures, groups and social problems. The examples are Hispanic people and punks . The subcategory of ways of life consists of customs, housing, transport, food, clothes and articles for everyday use, etc. The examples are double-decked bus and kimbap . The cultural categories have four subcategories. The subcategory of religion consists of rituals, churches, saints and morals. The examples are Christmas and the Anglican Church . The subcategory of education consists of schools, colleges, lines of education, etc. The examples are Harvard University and GCSE . The subcategory of media consists of TV, radio, newspaper and magazines. The examples are the Daily Mail and CBS . The subcategory of culture leisure activities consists of museums, work of art, literature, authors, theatres, cinemas, actors, musicians, idols, restaurants, hotels, nightclubs, cafes, sports, and athletes. The examples are baseball and Pygmalion . It should be noted, that in this study, only well-known authors, actors, musicians, idols and athletes that will be taken as data. Due to the heavy and exclusive grounded in a particular culture, these CSTs are not easy to be translated. It needs some strategies to translate the CSTs. This study also focuses on describing the translation strategies used in translating CSTs. It also focuses on describing the tendency of the translation strategies used which leads to foreignization and domestication. Concerning the translation strategies in translating the CSTs, this study uses Jud ickaitė’s continuum. Judickait ė proposes a continuum of foreignization and domestication. Foreignization consists of four strategies that include preservation, addition, naturalization, and literal translation. On the other hand, domestication has six strategies that include cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by a more concrete word, creation and equivalent. R elated to the equivalence, this research uses Bell’s theory 1991: 6, that texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees fully or partly equivalent, in respect of realization and ranks. Furthermore, based on this theory, the classification of equivalent which is divided into fully and partly equivalent and non equivalent meanings are used in this research. The fully equivalent meaning is complete meaning, while partly equivalent meaning is divided into increased meaning and decreased meaning. For the non equivalent meaning there are different and no meaning. The following description explains the classification of meaning equivalence. 1. Equivalent a. Fully equivalent Fully equivalent occurs when the meanings in the source language text are completely transferred in the target language text. In other words, the message of source text has to be transferred into target text where the target readers will catch the same understanding as the source readers do. For example: SL : Even Conrad’s wife Margot writes books. TL : Bahkan istri Conrad, Margot, menulis buku . The example shows that the source language term wife is translated into its target language term istri . These two expressions are completely equivalent because they have precisely the same meaning. b. Partly equivalent 1 Increased meaning