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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter covers some theories as the basis of the discussions. It is aimed at gaining more understanding about the topic of the research study. The discussions
in this chapter are some relevant theories of the study, conceptual framework focusing on the problems and solutions to improving students’ speaking skills
through the use of video.
A. Literature Review
1. The Nature of Teaching Speaking
a. Speaking
There are many definitions of speaking that have been proposed by some
experts in language learning.
Brown 2001: 267 cites that when someone can speak a language it means that he can carry on a conversation reasonably competently. In addition, he states that
the benchmark of successful acquisition of language is almost always the demonstration of an ability to accomplish pragmatic goals through an interactive
discourse with other language speakers. Nawshin 2009: 5-6 states that speaking is a productive skill. There are two
important aspects of speaking. They are accuracy and fluency. Accuracy is the extent to which students’ speech matches what people actually say when they use the target
language. Besides, fluency is the extent to which speakers use the language quickly and confidently, with few hesitations, unnatural pauses, false starts, words searches,
etc. In their discussion on the nature of spoken language, Brown and Yule in
Nunan 1989: 26 distinguish spoken language from written language. They point out that for most of its history. The teaching of language has not been concerned with
spoken language teaching. This language comprises short, often fragmentary utterances, in pronunciation range. On the contrary, written language is characterized
by well-formed sentences which are integrated into highly structured paragraphs. Brown and Yule in Nunan 1989 also differentiate between two basic language
functions, i.e. the transactional and the interactional functions. The former basically concerns the transfer of information. According to Nunan 1989: 32 successful oral
communication involves: 1 the ability to articulate phonological features of the language comprehensibly
2 mastery of stress, rhythm, intonation patterns 3 an acceptable degree of fluency
4 transactional and interpersonal skills 5 skills in taking short and long speaking turns
6 skills in the management of interaction 7 skills in negotiating meaning
8 conversational listening skills successful conversations require good listeners as well as good speakers
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