Directive The Types of Illocutionary Act Performed by the Main Characters in Alan

The above dialogue occurred when Zoe visited Stan’s room. They were going to have sex when Zoe suddenly became sleepy. Stan asked her whether she was hung over or not. Zoe then answered that she needed ten minutes nap. In reference to this context, since Zoe’s utterance is imperative and it consists of a request, therefore it is identified as requesting. Another requesting performed by the main character is presented below. The above dialogue took place when Zoe and Stan were having a date. Both of them had a thing to say to each other. Each of them wanted to tell something and Stan requested to be the first to say. In regard with this context, since Stan’s utterance is a question which contains a request, it is identified as requesting. 3 Commanding Commanding is an act to tell somebody to do something. The speaker commands someone to do what he or she wants. The example of commanding performed by the main character is provided below. 4: 28 Zoe : There’s something I have to tell you. Stan : There’s something I have to tell you, too. Stan : Can I go first? P: Zoe and Stan S: Stan’s room, day IAS-19P53D-40aDiCP The above dialogue happened at Gray Papaya Hot Dog when Zoe and Stan were having dinner. Since Stan kept on talking and did not eat his food, Zoe commanded him to take a bite of his hot dog. With regard to this context, since Zoe’s utterance is a command which contains a force to make Stan eat his food, it is identified as commanding. Another example of commanding can be seen in the conversation below. The above dialogue happened after Zoe told Stan the news about her pregnancy. Since he was shocked, Stan asserted to Zoe about the fact that she was pregnant. Zoe then responded his utterance by commanding him to not saying it that way. In reference to this context, Zoe’s utterance is identified as commanding since it is an 4: 29 Stan : We could have gone anywhere. Zoe : Just take a bite. You’ll see. Stan : Per Se, Jean Gorges, Nobu… P: Zoe and Stan S: Gray’s Papaya Hot Dogs, night IAS-8P24D-18bDiCP 4: 30 Stan : I just told you I loved you. Zoe : Well, do you not now? Stan : You’re pregnant. Zoe : Don’t say it like that. P: Zoe and Stan S: Stan’s bathroom, night IAS-20P56D-48eDiCP imperative sentence which contains a command. The dialogue provided below also contains commanding performed by the main character. The above dialogue occurred when Zoe and Stan were on their way to witness the birth delivery at Lori’s apartment. Stan attempted to accompany her into the apartment but Zoe commanded him to go home. In regard with this context, since Zoe’s utterance is an imperative sentence which contains a command, therefore it is identified as commanding. 4 Advising Advising is an act to give someone an advice. Datum presented below is the example of advising performed by the main character in the movie. 4: 31 Stan : I’m confused. Why did you say you would come witness this birth in the first place? Zoe : I don’t know. Seemed like a good idea at the time. I was trying to get back in their good graces. Go home. I’ll meet you there. I don’t want them to see you anyway. Stan : It’s four in the morning. I’m not letting you walk home alone. P: Zoe and Stan S: Lori’s apartment building lobby, night IAS-30P84D-63dDiCP 4: 32 Stan : Actually, if we’re being technical, you kind of stole it. Zoe : I don’t think so. Stan : If you see someone about to get in a cab, you can’t just run in from the other side and say it’s yours. Zoe : I didn’t see you. P: Zoe and Stan S: Inside a taxi, day IAS-1P8D-3aDiCP The above dialogue happened inside a cab when Zoe and Stan were arguing about the person who saw the cab first. In regard with this context, Stan’s utterance is identified as advising since it is a statement which contains his advice to Zoe. The following dialogue shows other examples of advising. The above dialogue took place at Union Square Subway when Zoe and Stan were going to separate. Zoe advised Stan to not steal anymore cab. Stan then responded her question by advising her to do the same thing. With regard to this context, since Stan and Zoe’s utterances as shown in the bold expressions are imperative sentences which contain advices, they are identified as advising. 5 Wishing Wishing is an act to hope or express hope for another persons success, happiness, or pleasure on a particular occasion. There are only two findings of wishing performed by the main characters. They are presented as follows. 4: 33 Stan : That’s nice, I hope it continues. Zoe : Thanks. Well, have a nice life. Try to not steal anymore cabs. Stan : You do the same. P: Zoe and Stan S: Union Square Subway, day IAS-4P10D-8dDiCP and IAS-4P10D-8eDiCP The above dialogue happened when Zoe and Stan were going to separate after the cab argument. Stan wished Zoe that her good things would continue and Zoe responded it by wishing him a nice life. Wishing conveys hope for someone’s happiness or pleasure in the future. In reference to this context, since Zoe and Stan’s utterances are imperative sentences which consist of wishes, they are identified as wishing.

d. Expressive

Expressive act is the type of speech act that state what the speaker feels. It expresses psychological states. Expressive act can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. Based on the analysis, there are 23 occurrences of expressive act found in the movie. The forces of expressive illocutionary act found in the findings are stating surprise, apologizing, stating love, thanking, greeting, complimenting, stating surprise, stating condolence, and stating annoyance. Each force of expressive illocutionary act is presented as follows. 4: 34 Stan : So, why are you such in a good mood anyway? Zoe : Not that it’s any of your business, but good things are happening to me. Stan : That’s nice. I hope it continues. Zoe : Thanks. Well, have a nice life. Try not steal anymore cabs. P: Zoe and Stan S: Union Square Subway, day IAS-4P10D-8aCoCV and IAS-4P10D-8cCoCV 1 Stating Surprise Surprise is a feeling that someone has when something unexpected or unusual happens. It is a feeling when someone’s heart is startled by someone or something. People usually will be surprised usually when they face something they do not imagine before. Datum presented below is the example of stating surprise performed by the main character. The above dialogue happened when Stan suddenly appeared in front of Zoe at her pet shop. Stan’s sudden appearance surprised her. In reference to this context, since Zoe’s utterance is a statement which contains her expression of being surprised, it is identified as stating surprise. Another example of stating surprise is provided below. 4: 35 Zoe turns to lock up. While her back is turned, Stan appears from the window Zoe : You scared the hell out of me Stan : Oh…wow. Is he… okay? P: Zoe and Stan S: Hudson Pets, night IAS-5P13D-9aExCV 4: 36 Stan : I don’t understand. Zoe : I know. It’s hard to explain. Stan : Well, who’s it? Zoe : I don’t know. Stan : What? P: Zoe and Stan S: Stan’s bathroom, night IAS-20P55D-44eExCV The above dialogue occurred after Zoe told Stan the news about her pregnancy. Since he was shocked, Stan kept on asking Zoe about the details of the news including who the father was. Zoe answered that she did not know who the father was and it made Stan surprised. With regard to this context, since Stan’s utterance is a question which contains the expression of his surprised feeling, it is identified as stating surprise. The following dialogue also contains stating surprise performed by the main character. The above dialogue took place when Zoe was telling another detail about her pregnancy to Stan. She informed him that she was carrying twins. The news surprised Stan as he thought that Zoe was only having a baby. With regard to this context, Stan’s utterance is identified as stating surprise since it is a statement which contains his surprised feeling of particular news. 2 Apologizing Apologizing is an act to tell someone that the speaker is sorry for having done something that has caused them problems or unhappiness. Datum presented below is the example of apologizing performed by the main character. 4: 37 Zoe : There’s something I need to tell you. Stan : Okay. Zoe : It’s big. And you’re allowed to take all of this back when I tell you. Stan : What. Zoe : It’s not just one baby… I’m having twins. Stan : This is insane. P: Zoe and Stan S: Hudson Street, day IAS-23P70D-55fExCV The above dialogue happened at Zoe’s pet store. Stan suddenly appeared in front of her and it shocked her. He then apologized to Zoe and explained that he did not mean to scare her. In regard with this context, since Stan’s utterance is a statement which contains the expression ‘I’m sorry’, it is identified as apologizing. Another example of apologizing can be seen in the following dialogue. The above dialogue occurred after Zoe told Stan the news about her pregnancy. Zoe looked at Stan who was still shocked and apologized to him. In reference to this context, since Zoe’s utterances are statements which consist of the expression ‘I’m sorry’, they are identified as apologizing. The following dialogue also contains apologizing performed by the main character. 4: 38 Zoe : What are you doing here? Stan : I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to scare you, or hurt your dog. Don’t worry, I’m not a stalker. Zoe : How’d you know I worked here? P: Zoe and Stan S: Hudson Pets, day IAS-5P13D-10bExCV 4: 39 Zoe : Because I’m freaking out, okay. I didn’t know what to do. I made this big decision to do and then I met you--- Stan : Well, what I am supposed to do now? This isn’t how it was supposed to be. This isn’t what--- Zoe : I’m sorry. I’m sorry, okay? P: Zoe and Stan S: Stan’s bathroom, night IAS-20P57D-50dExCV