underlying illocutionary act used in Dastan’s utterances and the implicature behind it. The study indicated that there were five illocutionary act occurred in Dastan’s
utterances. They were representatives reporting, stating, and concluding, directives ordering, asking, requesting, and commanding, expressives praising and
apologizing, commisives refusal and pledging, and declaratives declaring. This study is different from the two previous studies mentioned above. In the two
studies, they only analyzed the types of illocutionary act. Meanwhile, this study focuses not only on the types of illocutionary act but also on the social function of the
performance of illocutionary act. Furthermore, this study also deeply analyzes illocutionary act employed in the movie by investigating the illocutionary force of the
two main characters’ utterances. With regard to the background of the study and the previous studies, the researcher is inspired and motivated to conduct a study of
illocutionary act in a movie entitled The Back-up Plan.
C. Conceptual Framework
This study analyzes illocutionary act performed by the main characters in The Back-up Plan
movie. This study employs descriptive qualitative research in which the researcher concerns on the performance of illocutionary act by the main characters in
The Back-up Plan movie. Analyzing speech act, particularly illocutionary act, is a
matter of making assumption that is the interpretation of the utterances. In making interpretation of illocutionary act, the researcher should know the implied meanings
of the utterances. Therefore, the researcher uses pragmatic point of view to interpret
the meanings of the utterances intended by the main characters in The Back-up Plan movie.
Pragmatics as the study of language meaning is the appropriate approach to be used to analyze illocutionary act in The Back-up Plan movie, since the utterances
have other meanings that sometimes are different from what are literally spoken by the speakers.
Austin 1962 proposes that language has three main aspects: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance
of producing a meaningful linguistic expression. Illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance. Meanwhile, perlocutionary act is the effect
on the hearer. Searle 1969:358 further develops the types of illocutionary act into five major categories. They are declarative, representative, directive, expressive and
commisive. Furthermore, Leech 1983: 104 divides the functions of illocutionary act into
four categories. They are competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive. This division of the functions of illocutionary act enables the researcher to seek out the
goals of the illocutionary act by the main characters in movie and how their performances of illocutionary act are actually intended to the social goals.
Therefore, this study is expected to reveal the types and the functions of illocutionary act based on the theories proposed by Searle and Leech. In addition, this
study is also expected to provide a useful source of learning material, especially concerning the use of illocutionary act in daily life.
Figure 1. Analytical Construct
29
D. Analytical Construct
Language Main Characters’ Utterance
Context
Speech Act The Back-up Plan
Speaker’s meaning
Pragmatics
Expressive Types Searle, 1969
Perlocutionary Act Locutionary Act
Illocutionary Act
Conflictive apologizing
Representative Commissive
Directive Declarative
Functions Leech, 1983
Convivial Collaborative
Competitive
greeting thanking
etc. endorsing
approving declaring
etc. etc.
advising requesting
questioning
etc. etc.
refusing offering
promising
reporting asserting
informing
