Collaborative The Functions of Illocutionary Act Performed by the Main Characters in

person’s cab like what she did to him. Another dialogue which contains competitive function is presented below. The above dialogue happened when Stan shocked Zoe with his sudden appearance at her pet store. Since Zoe did not expect his appearance at all, she then asked Stan how he could know that she worked there. Zoe’s utterance is interrogative and it contains a question. Questioning employs competitive function since it aims at the social goal in which the speaker wants an answer from the hearer. By performing the utterance, Zoe wants Stan to explain how he could know about the place where she worked. Therefore, her utterance belongs to competitive function. Another example of competitive function is presented in the following conversation. 4: 60 Stan : I’m confused. Why did you say you would come witness this birth in the first place? Zoe : I don’t know. Seemed like a good idea at the time. I was trying to get back in their good graces. Go home. I’ll meet you there. I don’t want them to see you anyway. P: Zoe and Stan S: Lori’s apartment building lobby, night IAS-30P84D-63dDiCP 4: 59 Zoe : I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to scare you, or hurt your dog. Don’t worry. I’m not a stalker. Zoe : How’d you know I worked here? Stan : I followed you after the subway. That sounds like a little stalkery, huh? P: Zoe and Stan S: Hudson Pets, night IAS-5P13D-11aDiCP The above dialogue took place when Zoe and Stan were on their way to Lori’s apartment to witness her birth delivery. Stan was planning to accompany Zoe until the end of the delivery process but she refused it and commanded Stan to go home. In reference to this context, Zoe’s utterance belongs to competitive function since it is an imperative sentence in the form of command. Zoe wants Stan to go home despite his request to accompany her. Therefore, the function of her utterance is competitive. Competitive function is purposed to compete with the social goal. It is intended to produce some effects on the hearer. In the example above, Stan and Zoe’s utterances are statements which are intended to make the hearer do something that the speaker wants to achieve.

c. Convivial

Convivial function coincides with the social goal. In this function, politeness is employed to seek the opportunity for comity. Congratulating, offering, inviting, greeting, and thanking are some examples of illocutionary forces that contain convivial functions. Based on the analysis, there are 35 occurrences of convivial function found in the movie. The conversation presented below is the dialogue performed by the main characters which employs convivial function. 4: 61 Stan : So, why are you in such a good mood anyway? Zoe : Not that it’s any of your business, but…good things are happening to me. Stan : That’s good. I hope it continues. Zoe : Thanks. Well, have a nice life. Try not to steal anymore cabs. P: Zoe and Stan S: Union Square Subway, day IAS-4P10D-8bExCV The above dialogue happened at a subway station. Stan wished Zoe that the good things happening to her would continue. Zoe then responded his wish by thanking him. Zoe’s utterance is a statement which contains a thanking expression. Thanking employs convivial function since it coincides with the social goal. ‘Thank’ is intended to show politeness and gratitude towards someone’s good deed. Therefore, the function of Zoe’s utterance is convivial since it shows her gratitude towards Stan’s wish. Another example of convivial function performed by the main character is presented below. The above dialogue occurred when Stan was at Zoe’s pet store. Stan was telling her that he was not a stalker. He then offered her to take his name card. Stan’s utterance is an imperative sentence which contains an offer. Offering employs convivial function since it matches with the social goal. By offering Zoe to take his name card, Stan is politely proving to her that he is not a stalker. Another dialogue which employs convivial function is provided below. 4: 62 Stan : Can I just give you my card? Here, take my card. I’m not a freak, really. I sell cheese. Zoe : Cheese? Stan : Yeah. My family has a goat farm. We make cheese. You like cheese? P: Zoe and Stan S: Hudson Pets, night IAS-5P14D-13bCoCV