Kesimpulan Saran KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

55

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1. Kesimpulan

Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan penelitian tentang Pengaruh Pemberian Tocopherol terhadap Kadar Testosteron, Jumlah Sperma dan Berat Testis Mencit Jantan Dewasa Mus musculus L. yang mendapat latihan Fisik Maksimal, dapat disimpulkan; a. Tocopherol meningkatkan kadar testosteron mencit jantan dewasa yang mendapatkan latihan fisik maksimal secara nyata p0,05. b. Tocopherol meningkatkan jumlah sperma mencit jantan dewasa yang mendapat latihan fisik maksimal secara nyata p0,05. c. Tocopherol meningkatkan berat testis mencit jantan dewasa yang mendapat latihan fisik maksimal, tetapi tidak nyata p0,05 .

5.2. Saran

a. Disarankan adanya penelitian lanjutan dengan memeriksa level hormon lain seperti testosteron intratestikular, LH, dan FSH. b. Adanya penelitian pada tingkat molekuler untuk mempelajari makanisme molekuler dari latihan fisik maksimal terhadap kualitas sperma. Universitas Sumatera Utara 56 c. Membandingkan tocopherol dengan antioksidan lain seperti vitamin C dan beta karotin dalam menekan oksidan radikal bebas yang diakibatkan oleh latihan fisik maksimal. Universitas Sumatera Utara 57 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Acharya, U., Mishra, M., Patro., J. and Panda, M.K. 2008. Effect of Vitamins C and E on Spermatogenesis in Mice exposed to Cadmium. Reprod Toxicol, 25, 84-8. Agarwal, A., Prabakaran, S., Said, T. 2005 Prevention of oxidative stress injury to sperm. J Androl, 26, 654-60 Al-Enazi, M.M. 2007 Influence of α-Tocopherol on Heat Stress-Induced Changes in the Reproductive Function of Swiss Albino Mice. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 141, 61-67 Abbot, Axsym System., 2003-2004 Abbot LaboratoriesPrinted in UKAxsym Testosteron 2005 Alessio, H. M. 1993 Exercise-Induce Oxidative Stress. Medical Science Sports Exercise, 25, 218-224. Bompa, T. O. 1990 Theory and Methodology of Training, Toronto, Ontorio Canada, KendallHunt Publishing Company. Brigelius-Flohe, R., Trabber, M.G. 1999 Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB, 13, 1145-55 Burton, G.W. 1994 Vitamin E: molecular and biological function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 53, 251-62 Burton, G.W. dan K.U. Ingold. 1984. “ -Carotene: an Unusual Type of Lipid Antioxidant.” dalam: Science. 224: 569-573. Clarkson, P. M. Thompson, H. S. 2000 Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 637S-46S Casaburi, R. 1992 Principles of Exercise Training. American College of Chest Physicians, 101, 263-267. Cuzzocrea, S., Riley,D.P., Caputi,A.P., Salvemin,D. 2001 Antioxidant Therapy: A New Pharmacological Approach In Shock, Inflamation, And Ischemia- Refurfusion Injury. Pharmacological Reviews, 53, 135-159. Diplock, A.T., L.J. Machlin, L. Packer, dan W.A. Pryor. 1989. “Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Health Implications.” Dalam: Annuals of New York Academy of Science. Vol. 570, p555 Escobar, M., Oliveira, M.W.S., Behr, G.A., Zanotto-Filho, A., Ilha, L., Cunha, G.D.S., et al. 2009. Oxidative Stress in Young Football soccer players in Intermittent High Intensity Exercise Protocol. JEP, 125, 1-10. Universitas Sumatera Utara 58 Evans, W. J. 2000 Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 647S-52S. Fox, E. L., Bowers,R.W., Foss,M.L. 1993 The Physiological Basis For Exercise And Sport, USA, Brown Benchmark Publ. Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi IV 1998. Depkes RI, Hal; 279-298. Federer, W. 1963 Experimental design, theory and application, New York, Mac Millan. Francis, K.T. dan T. Hoobler. 1986. “Failure of Vitamin E and Delayed Muscle Soreness.” dalam: Journal of Medical Associaton Alabama. 55: 15-8. Giam, C.K., dan The, C.K., 1992. Ilmu Kedokteran Olahraga. Alih bahasa : Hertono Satmoko, Bina Rupa Aksara, Jakarta. Halliwell, B. Whiteman, M. 2004 Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol, 142, 231-55. Hariyatmi 2004 Kemampuan vitamin E sebagai antioksidan terhadap radikal bebas pada lanjut usia. MIPA, 141, 52-60 Hayati, A., Rahmaninta, A.D., Pidada, I.B.R. 2005 Spermatozoa motility and morphological recovery process in mice Mus musculus after the induction of 2-methoxyethanol. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 412, 90-95 Helgheim, I., Q. Hetland, S. Nilsson, F. Ingjer, dan S.B. Stromme. 1979. “The Effect of Vitamin E on Serum Enzyme Levels Following Heavy Exercise.” dalam: European Journal of Application Physiology. 40:238-9 Jawi, I. M. 2001 Gambaran Histologis Lien Dan Jumlah Limfosit Darah Tikus Putih Setelah Overtraining. Ergonomics And Sport Physiology Seminar. Denpasar-Bali. Ji, L. 1999 Antioxidant And Oxidative Stress In Exercise. Proceedings Of The Ciciety For Experimental Biology And Medicine. Klomberg, KF., Theodore Garland, Jr., John G. Swallow1, Patrick A. Carter. 2002. Dominance, plasma testosterone levels, and testis size in house mice artificially selected for high activity levels. Physiology Behavior 77; 27– 38. Laksmi, D.N.D.I 2010 Glutathion meningkatkan kualitas tubulus seminiferus pada mencit yang menerima pelatihan fisik berlebih. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 3, 719-21. Universitas Sumatera Utara 59 Leal, M.C., S. C. Becker-Silva, H. Chiarini-Garcia, L. R. França. 2004. Sertoli cell efficiency and daily sperm production in goats Capra hircus. Anim. Reprod. v.1, n.1, p.122-128. Leeuwenburgh, C., Heinecke, J.W. 2001 Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant In Exercise Cuurent Medical Chemistry, 8, 829-838. Manna, I., Jana, K., Samanta, P.K. 2004 Effect of different intensities of swimming exercise on testicular oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in mature male albino Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42, 816-22. Mishra, D.S., Maiti, R., Bera, S., Das, K., Ghosh, D. 2005 Protective effect of Composite Extract of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and Zingiber officinale on Swimming-induced Reproductive Endocrine Dysfunctions in Male Rat. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology Therapeutics, 42, 110-17. Marx, J.L. 1985. Oxygen Freedical Linked to Many Disease : Science. 235: 529- 531 Murray, K.Robert., Granner, K.Daryl., Mayes, A.Peter., Rodwell, W.Victor. 2003Biokimia Harper: Tocopherol merupakan antioksidan alami yang sangat penting. EGC, Edisi 25, 618-619. Peake, J.M., Suzuki, K., Coombes, J.S. 2006. The influence of antioxidant supplementation on markers of inflammation and the relationship to oxidative stress after exercise. J Nutr Biochem, 18, 357-71. Pedersen, B. K. Hoffman-Goetz, L. 2000. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev, 80, 1055-81. Rao, M.V., Sharma, P.S.N. 2001. Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reproductive Toxicology, 15, 705-12 Rugh, R. 1976 The mouse its reproduction and development, Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company. Rusdi, U.D., Widowati, W., Marlina, E.T. 2005 Efek Ekstrak Kayu Secang, Vitamin E dan Vitamin C terhadap Status Antioksidan Total SAT pada mencit yang terpapar Aflatoksin. Media Kedokteran Hewan, 212, 66-69. Schürmann, A., S. Koling, S. Jacobs, P. Saftig, S. Krau , G. Wennemuth, R. Kluge, and H.-G. Joost. 2002. Reduced Sperm Count and Normal Fertility in Male Mice with Targeted Disruption of the ADP-Ribosylation Factor- Like 4 Arl4 Gene. Mol Cell Biol; 228: 2761–2768. Universitas Sumatera Utara 60 Senturk UM, Filz G, Oktay K, Mehmet R, Aktekin DP, Ozlem Y, Melek B, Akin Y, Oguz KB 2001. Exercise-induced oxidative stress affects erythrocytes in sedentary rats but not exercise-trained rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 91: 1999- 2004. Sherwood, L. 1996 Fisiologi Manusia Dari Sel Ke Sistem, Jakarta, EGC. Senturk, U. K., Gunduz, F., Kuru, O., Kocer, G., Ozkaya, Y. G., Yesilkaya, A., Bor-Kucukatay, M., Uyuklu, M., Yalcin, O. Baskurt, O. K. 2005. Exercise-induced oxidative stress leads hemolysis in sedentary but not trained humans. J Appl Physiol, 99, 1434-41. Sonneborn, J. S. Barbee, S. A. 1998. Exercise-induced stress response as an adaptive tolerance strategy. Environ Health Perspect, 106 Suppl 1, 325-30. Tremallen, K. 2008 Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility – A Clinical Perspective. Human Reproduction Update, 1 – 16. Umeda F, Kato K, Muta K, Ibayashi H. 1982. Effect of vitamin E on function of pituitary-gonadal axis in male rats and human subjects. Endocrinol Jpn. 1982 Jun;293:287-92. Verma, R.J., Nair, A. 2001 Ameliorative effect of vitamin E on aflatoxin- induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice. Asian J Androl, 3, 217-21 Winarsi, H. 2007 Antioksidan Alami dan Radikal Bebas: Potensi dan Aplikasinya dalam Kesehatan. KANISIUS, Yogyakarta Yu, F., Lu, S., Yu, F., Feng, S., McGuire, P.M., Li, R., et.al. 2006 Protective effects of polysaccharide from Euphorbia kansui Euphorbiaceae on the swimming exercise-induced oxidative strss in mice. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 84, 1071-79. Zakaria Fransiska R, Hari Susanto Arif Hartoyo, 2000. Pengaruh Konsumsi Jahe. Universitas Sumatera Utara 61 Lampiran 1. Tabel 1. Hasil pengukuran berat testis mencit setelah melakukan latihan fisik maksimal Ulangan P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 1 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.13 2 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.06 3 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.14 4 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.14 5 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.05 Rata2 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.10 SD 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.04 Tabel 2. Hasil pengukuran jumlah sperma mencit setelah melakukan latihan fisik maksimal Ulangan P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 1 225 52 78 122 118.5 2 174 61 64.5 102 98.5 3 200 83.5 58.5 97.5 99.5 4 119 85 59 115 98 5 76.5 57 79.5 100.5 70 Rata2 158.90 67.70 67.90 107.40 96.90 SD

60.56 15.45 10.19 10.56 17.33

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