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1.2 Problem of the Study
The problems of the analysis are: 1.
What unit shifts are found in the translation of Agatha Christie’s The Mystery of the Blue Train into Misteri Kereta Api Biru by Nyonya Suwarni
A.S ? 2.
What is the most dominant unit shifts occurred in the translation of Agatha Christie’s The Mystery of the Blue Train into Misteri Kereta Api Biru by
Nyonya Suwarni A.S ?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of the analysis are: 1.
To analyze the unit shifts found in the translation of Agatha Christie’s The Mystery of the Blue Train into Misteri Kereta Api Biru by Nyonya Suwarni
A.S 2.
To find out the most dominant unit shifts occurred in the translation of Agatha Christie’s The Mystery of the Blue Train into Misteri Kereta Api
Biru by Nyonya Suwarni A.S
1.4 Scope of the Study
In order to avoid the excessive discussion, this thesis focuses on the unit shifts that occurred in the translation of Agatha Christie’s The Mystery of the Blue
Train into Misteri Kereta Api Biru by Nyonya Suwarni A.S
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1.5 Significance of the Study
This thesis is intended to be helpful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this thesis expected to enlarge the comprehending about translation,
especially for the English Department students. This thesis may also be a reference for those who are interested in translation studies. Practically, this thesis is
expected to be helpful for teaching and training translation.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theory of Translation 2.1.1 Definition of Translation
There are many theories defining translation. Some experts had already given some definitions of translation to make us understand the essential meaning
of translation. Here are some of the definitions that had been composed by some experts:
Catford 1965: 1 defines translation as “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another
language TL. The use of “textual material” is to underlying the fact that in normal condition, not all of the SL text is translated into the TL equivalents. And he states
that shifts is departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language SL to the target language TL.
Larson 1984: 10 in Meaning Based Translation states “Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation
and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical
structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context”. Nida and Taber 1974: 12 state “Translating consists of reproducing in the
receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
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8 Newmark 1984: 28 says “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text
into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Kridalaksana 1985, in Nababan, 1999:19, “penerjemahan sebagai
pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dengan pertama-tama mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya bahasanya”.
Translation as the replacement of message from source language into target language by firstly revealing the meaning and then the style
Simatupang 1999: 2 in his book Pengantar Teori Terjemahan states “Menerjemah adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke
dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku
dalam bahasa sasaran”. Translation tries to transfer the meaning in SL to TL in the form that best fit with the rules of TL.
As the conclusion of translation based on those definitions given by the experts above, it can be said that translation is a process of transferring the original
message of the original author into another language by using the exact meaning of words or the equivalent one.
2.1.2 Function of Translation
Translation functions as medium of communications. As Nida 1981:2 states that translation means communication, because it has three essential elements
to form a process of communication. The three essential elements are source, message, and receptor, and these elements must be found in all communication
activities.
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9 While Duff 1989: 5 states “As a process of communication, translation
functions as the medium ‘across the linguistic and cultural barriers’ in conveying the messages written in the foreign languages”. Translation functions as the bridge
that crossing the barrier of different language for delivering the message from SL to TL.
As stated before that translation is so important in helping people who want to know all about information in this world, moreover information about
development of science, technology, and culture by translating the science, technology, and culture book, all people in the target country will get the
information about them.. Even, nowadays translation had covered entertainment and our household equipments. For example if we buy an electronic tool or cellular
phone, we will get the book guide which is written in foreign languages and its translation, so that we can know and understand how to operate the equipment.
While in entertainment, translation has the main role, for instance while we are watching the Hollywood movie, we will see the translation text typed on the screen.
The translation text typed on the screen will make moviegoers understand what the movie about is.
2.1.3 The Process of Translation
Nababan 1999:25 divides the process of translation in three major steps.
They are as the following:
1. Analyzing the ST.
The first step is analyzing the text. We analyze the text by first reading the ST and gain the meaning in the text. We also analyze the linguistics and
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10 extralinguistics elements in the text. Linguistics elements is the elements deals with
language, while extralinguitics is the elements beyond the language, such as the culture and the social context of the text. In analyzing the linguistics elements, we
analyze the text at all level such as in the level of sentence, clause, phrase, and word. By doing this, we can gain the fully understanding of the meaning in the ST.
2. Transferring the meaning
The second step is transferring the meaning. In this step the translator has to find the equivalent of the ST. This process happens in mind Nababan called it as
proses batin. In means that this process is in the abstract form. 3.
Reconstructuring The last step is reconstructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, we
reconstruct it in the form of TL becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best to the text and the readers.
These three steps would be explained in the following diagram.
Analisis Restrukturisasi
Pemahanam
1 Evaluasi dan Revisi
3
Figure 1: Translation Process Suryawininata in Nababan 1999:25 PROSES BATIN
Transfer
Padanan
2
Teks Bahasa
Sumber Isi,
Makna, Pesan
Isi, Makna,
Pesan Teks
Bahasa Sasaran
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2.1.4 Types of Translation
The types of translations are also varied. Here, the writer quotes some experts and types of translation issued by them.
Larson 1984:15 divides two major types of translation. They are: 1.
Form-based translation Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language
and are known as literal translations. If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be
similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items makes the translation sound foreign.
2. Meaning-based translations
Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such
translations are called idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the
choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language. The
translator’s goal should be to reproduce in the receptor language a text which communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural
grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language, his goal is an idiomatic translation.
According to Catford 1965:21-22, there are 3 broad types or categories of translation in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks.
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12 1.
Extent – full vs. partial translation. In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, that is very part of the ST is replaced
by the TT material. In a partial translation, some part or parts of the ST are left untranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TT.
In literary translation it is not uncommon for some ST lexical items to be translated this way, either because they are regarded as ‘untranslatable’ or
for the deliberate purpose of introducing ‘local colour’ in to the TT 2.
Level - Total vs. Restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. By total translation we mean what is
most usually meant by ‘translation’; that is, translation in which all levels of the ST are replaced by the TT material. Strictly speaking, ‘total’ translation
is a misleading term, since though total replacement is involved it is not replacement by equivalents at all levels. Total Translation may best defined
as : replacement of ST grammar and lexis by equivalent TT grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonologygraphology by non-
equivalent TT phonologygraphology. By restricted translation we mean: replacement of ST material by equivalent TT material at only one level.
That is translation performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
3. Ranks – Ranks of Translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical or
phonological hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. While Newmark 1995:45 distinguishes 8 kinds of translation. They are as
the following:
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13 1. Word-for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TT immediately below the ST words. The ST word-order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
2. Literal translation The ST grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TT
equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning
of the original within the constraints of the TT grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’
deviation from ST norms in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the ST writer.
4. Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only as far as it must
take more account of the aesthetic value of the ST, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished
version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other
small concessions to the readership.
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14 5. Adaptation
This is the ‘freest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the ST cultures
converted to the TT culture and the text rewritten. 6. Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the
original, a so-called ‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
7. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
8. Communicative translation Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning
of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
The types of translation of number 1 to number 4 is what called SL oriented translation while number 5 to number 8 is called TL oriented translation.
Besides the types of translation above, the types of translation could also divide based on the language that involved in the process of the translation.
Jakobson, In his article entitled ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ in McGuire, 1991:14 states that there are 3 types of translation. They are:
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Intralingual translation or rewording an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language.
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of some other language. 3.
Intersemiotic translation or transmutation an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
2.1.5 Shift in Translation
Every translator has a duty to transfer all the messages from SL to TL. In doing this, a translator should determine the form and content of the SL text and
then reconstruct the same content meaning using the forms that are appropriate in the TL Larson, 1984: 3.
But, in hisher attempting to transfer the messagecontent from one language SL to another TL by means of the universally known practice of
translation, the translator usually faces the difficulties in finding the same equivalent and the exact structure form in TL. It is because language has its own
genius and possesses certain distinctive characteristics that give it a special character, such as a word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order,
techniques for linking clause into sentences, etc. Nida and Taber, 1974:4. In this case, the translator should be able to adjust the structure of the translation in
accordance with the rules and grammar of the TL. In adjusting the structure of the language, the translator is sometimes forced
to make some changes or shifts in the translation. Say for example, something conveyed properly and naturally in one language might not be properly conveyed
in another by using the same structure; it is because every language has different
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16 systems. This is where shifts need to be done in order to produce natural translation.
Thus, the occurrence of shifts in any translation activity is an unavoidable phenomenon. Therefore, ‘shift’ should be redefined positively as the consequence
of the translator’s effort to establish translation equivalence between different language systems.
Catford divides the translation shift into two major types. They are level shift and category shift.
2.1.5.1 Level Shifts
Catford 1965 in Venuti 2000:141 means level shifts as a shift from grammatical unit in SL to a lexical unit in TL. For instance, in case of English and
Bahasa Indonesia, a grammatical unit in English i.e. affix, noun, verb, etc has lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia. The following are the examples of level shift:
1. a
Budi has submitted the document. b
Budi telah menyerahkan dokumen tersebut. 2.
a Ali pun tidak mau menghadiri pesta itu.
b Even Ali does not want to attend that party.
In the example 1, it can be seen that in English if “has” comes together with past participle of “submit”, then it indicates that the act of “submitting” has
begun before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still resumes at the time of speaking. The form “have + past participle” in English is translated into
“sudah” lexis in Bahasa Indonesia. It is similar to the example 2, “pun” in 2a is a unit morpheme in
Bahasa Indonesia grammar translated into “even” a lexis in English.
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2.1.5.2 Category Shifts
Category shift is the second shift according to Catford. Category shfit deals with unbounded and rank bound translation. The term “rank bound” translation
simply refers to particular cases where equivalence is intentionally limited to ranks below the sentences. Meanwhile, unbounded translation means that the translation
equivalences may take place in any appropriate rank whether it is a sentence, clause, phrase, word or morpheme.
In category shift there are four types of shift. They are structure-shift, class- shifts, unit-shifts, and intra-system-shifts.
2.1.5.2.1 Structure Shifts
Catford 1965:77 states that a structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between the source language and the target language.
Example: SL: white house TL: ‘Gedung putih’
We can see here that, the position of white putih in English is placed at the back of house gedung. We can say that in this translation, there is a structure-shift.
This shift happens because of the difference of grammatical rules of both SL and TL. If in English grammar the adjective placed at the front of the noun, then in
Bahasa Indonesia, the adjective is placed at the back of the noun.
2.1.5.2.2 Class Shifts
Catford 1965: 78 states that class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.
Example: SL: I get bored watching the movie.
V
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18 TL: Aku bosan menonton film itu..
Adj We can see that there is change of class of word, verb in source language is
translated into adjective in target language.
2.1.5.2.3 Unit Shifts
Catford 1965:79 states that by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit
at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. ‘Rank’ here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme”.
Example: SL: Today is a beautiful day. W
TL: Hari ini adalah hari yang indah. Phr
We can see that there is a change of rank, word in source language is translated into phrase in target language.
2.1.5.2.4 Intra-Systems Shifts
Catford 1965: 80 uses the term intra-system shift for those cases where the shift occurs internally, within a system; that is for those cases where SL and TL
possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL
system. For example: Cans is translated into kaleng-kaleng.
From the example above we can see that plural word in English may be translated into reduplication in Bahasa Indonesia.
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2.2 Language Units in English and Bahasa Indonesia
Halliday 1985 in Machalli 1998:13 identifies five units representing rank in English namely sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme.
1. Sentence
Sentence is a series of words in connected speech or writing, forming the grammatically complete expression of a single thought. Sentence is regarded as the
highest unit in the hierarchy of language unit, because in a sentence contains clause, phrase, word, and morpheme.
Based on the type, sentence can be divided into: a. Simple Sentences
Such sentences have only one full predication in the form of an independent clause.
Example: The man stole jewelry. b. Compound Sentences
Such sentences have two or more full predications in the form of independent clause.
Example: The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home. c. Complex Sentence
Such sentences also have two or more full predications. One of these is an independent clause main clause that is to the form of the simple sentence, and
also or more of these are dependent clauses subordinate clause Example: The man who stole jewelry hid it in his home.
d. Compound-complex sentence
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20 Compound-comples sentences contain two or more independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses. Example: The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home until he could safely get
out of town.
2. Clause
Clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence and has a subject and a predicate. There are two kind of clauses: independent and dependent.
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself, while dependent clause
does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itself, it is usually begun with subordinator such as when, while, if etc. Based on the
function in the sentence, dependent clause can be divided into noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause.
3. Phrase
Phrase is a group of words that lacks either a subject or a predicate or both. A phrase does not contain a finite verb and does not have a subject predicate
structure, for example smart boy, expensive new car, etc. There are five kinds of phrase: noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb phrase, and
prepositional phrase. a.
Noun Phrase Noun phrase is a phrase composed of head and modifiers that the headword
is a noun. The function of noun phrase in a sentence is as subject, object and complement.
Examples: - He buys a red hat
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21 - He is an enginer
b. Adjectival Phrase Adjectival Phrase is a group of words that does the function of an adjective.
Examples: - Too hot
- Very good c. Adverbial Phrase
Adverbial Phrase is a group of word that does the work of an adverb. Examples:
- Very fast - Rather slowly
d. Prepositional Phrase Prepositional phrase is a group of words that contains no verb and that
begin with preposition and end with a noun of pronoun. Example:
- After the seminar we have a party. - A man with blonde hair.
- A girl with beautiful dress. e. Verbal Phrase
Verbal phrase is a phrase that contains a verb part that function not as a verb, rather that as a noun or an adjective.
Examples: - Visiting Makkah is a spiritual tourism.
- We spent our holiday to visit Bali.
4. Word
Word is a letter or group of letter which have meaning. A word can be a free morpheme or the combination of morphemes which are considered by the
linguists as the smallest unit and can be used as a free single form. In another
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22 word, a word can be a free morpheme or the combination of free and bound
morphemes. For instnace, red and devil are free which constitute the smallest meaningful unit and can be used as a single free form. The word unbeatablet is an
example of a word as the combination of three morphemes, i.e. two bound morphemes un- and -able and a free morpheme beat. In English, there are 8 eight
parts of speech, they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjuction, preposition, and interjection Mukti, 2008:6.
a. Noun Noun is the name of thing, person and place.
Examples: book, president, minister, Makkah, etc. b. Pronoun
Pronoun is word used instead of a noun. Examples:
Subjective I, We, You, They, He, She, It Objective Me, Us, Them, You, Him, Her, It
c. Adjective Adjective is a word describing a noun.
Example: Beautiful girl Beautiful describes the girl
d. Adverb Adverb is a word that adds information to a verb, adjective, phrase or
another adverb. e. Verb
Verb is a word that shows what the person or thing does.
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23 f. Preposition
Preposition is word normally placed before noun, pronoun and also can be followed by a verb.
g. Conjunction Conjunction is word joining words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
h. Interjection Interjection is a word express emotion, greeting and surprise.
5. Morpheme
Morpheme id regarded as the lowest unit in the hierarchy of language unit. Morpheme is a smallest meaningful unit into which words can be analyzed.
Morpheme can be divided into two kinds: free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is a linguistic form which can be used alone as an independent
word. For example: red, house, car, etc. While bound morpheme is a linguistic form which can not stand alone but must be used with another morpheme eg as
affixes prefix, suffix, and confix Those language units above are found in Bahasa Indonesia as well, as
Machalli 2000:20 says “dalam tata bahasa kita mengenali adanya hirarki lima satuan bahasa: 1 kalimat; 2 klausa; 3 frase; 4 kata; 5 morfem.”
As the following are the five language units in Bahasa Indonesia:
1. Kalimat sentence
Kridalaksana 1984:83 states “Kalimat adalah satuan bahasa yang mengungkapkan pikiran secara utuh dan telah dibubuhi intonasi atau tanda baca”.
Sentence is a set of words which are tied together and convey an idea begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop.
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24 There are some kinds of sentence, they are:
a. Kalimat Sederhana Simple sentence Kalimat sederhana adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari satu klausa. Simple
sentence is a sentence which only contains one clause Examples: Dia sedang mengendarai mobil.She is driving a car
b. Kalimat Luas Compound sentence Kalimat luas adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari dua klausa atau lebih.
Compund sentence which contains two or more clauses Examples: Mereka memprediksi bahwa dia akan menjadi juara. They predict that
he will be the champion
2. Klausa Clause
Kridalaksana 1984:100 states “Klausa adalah satuan gramatikal yang berupa kelompok kata, sekurang-kurangnya terdiri atas subjek dan predikat dan
berpotensi menjadi kalimat”. Clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence and has a Subject and a Predicate of its own. Clauses can be classified
into two classes:
a. Klausa Bebas independent clause
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