Action Hypothesis REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Ebbut as quoted by Hopkins 1993: 45 states that action research is about the systematic study of attempts to improve educational practice by group or participants and by means of own reflection upon the effects of these actions. Based on several definitions stated by some experts, it can be concluded that action research is any systematic inquiry undertaken by participators in a social situation including education which is directed towards greater understanding and improvement of practices where those practices are carried out. Burn 1999:30 makes some characteristics of action research taken from some experts’ definition as follows: 1. Action research is contextual, small-scale and localized. It identifies and investigates problems within a specific situation. 2. It is evaluating and reflective as it aims to bring about change and improvement in practice. 3. It is participatory as it provides for collaborative investigation by teams of colleagues, practitioners and researchers. 4. Changes in practice are based on the collection of information or data which provides the impetus for changes. In this study, the researcher used classroom action research. This research is aimed to improve the quality of teaching and learning process. In this case, the researcher wants to improve the cadets ’ mastery of IMO standard marine communication phrases by implementing Back Chaining Drills technique through classroom action research. ▲ ▼ action ▲ ▼ action reflection reflection planning planning observation ► ◄ ► ◄ observation Cycle I Cycle II

3.2. Subject of the Research

The subject of the research is the third semester cadets of Deck Department of Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang. The reason why the researcher chooses the grade is because the teaching approach used in this research is workable for the third semester cadets of Deck Department of Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang. Besides, from the pre observation, the researcher gets information that the students still have low vocabulary mastery.

3.3. Model of Action Research

The model of action research in this classroom action research uses the model developed by Kemmis and Taggart in Hopkins, 1993: 48. There are four steps in this model of action research namely; planning, implementing the action, observing, and reflecting. As shown in diagram below,

3.4. Procedure of Action Research

To get deeper understanding about the procedure of this action research, the detail explanation is as follows:

3.4.1. Identifying the problem