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and stylistic systems governing performance in two different languages, a source language SL and a target language TL.‖ Therefore, it can be said that
translation also considers the style of the text.
It should be known that it is impossible to produce a translation product perfectly since both languages has different system. Therefore Brislin uses the
word of ―to synchronize‖. That is why the translator should find correct equivalence for every single word when heshe translates a text. As stated before
translation considers three terms such as the syntactic, lexical and stylistic systems. The syntactic system means the surface structure of the source language.
The lexical system is the meaning of the source language and the stylistic system refers to the style of the source language. Three of them are supported each other
because three of them determine the translation strategies carried out by the translator. The translator should decide the right strategy when heshe translates a
text so the messages of the source language can be produced well into the target language.
B. Principles of Translation
In order to achieve the purpose of translation and to produce a qualified translation, the translation has to acknowledge several principles of translation.
They will help the translator solve problems found in the process of translation. It can be said that principles of translation are the basic references in translating text.
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According to Bell 1991 : 11, there are three principles that should be acknowledged by the translator.
1. Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original
work 2.
The style and the manner of writing should be as the same character as the original
3. The translation should have all the ease of original composition
From the quotation above, Bell tends to emphasize the source language rather than the target language. Therefore, the readers will get the same effect as
the readers of the source language get.
In line with Bell, Larson 1998 : 6 also offers three principles which are :
1. The one which uses the normal language forms of the receptor language
2. The one which communicates, as much as possible, to the receptor
language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source language
3. The one, which maintains the dynamics of the original source language
text. It can be said that the translation will evoke the same responds as the source text attempted to evoke.
C. Types of Translation
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There are many types of translation and the translators are free to choose the type in the process of translation. The selection of the translation types is
influenced by several factors, as stated below : ―
Dalam praktek menerjemahkan diterapkan berbagai jenis penerjemahan. Hal itu disebabkan oleh 4 faktor, yaitu : 1
Adanya perbedaan antara sistem bahasa sumber dengan sistem bahasa sasaran, 2 Adanya perbedaan jenis materi teks yang
diterjemahkan, 3 Adanya anggapan bahwa terjemahan adalah alat komunikasi, dan 4 adanya perbedaan tujuan dalam
menerjemahkan suatu teks.
Nababan : 2003 : 29”
Newmark 1988 : 45 divides the method of translation into two emphases which are the source language oriented and the target language-oriented. The
selection of the types affects the translation result. The types of the translation which belong to the source language-oriented and the target language-oriented can
be seen below :
1. Types of Translation Emphasizing the Source Language
a. Word-for-word translation
Word-for word translation is applied by placing the words directly below the source language. It can be said that the
source language is literally translated into the target language text. Cultural terms and naturalism is not being noticed.
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Example : Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious
solution to the crisis
Penghapusan beberapa dari pajak adalah satu nyata solusi untuk krisis
b. Literal Translation
The grammatical structures of the source language text are translated into the nearest equivalence of the target language text
but the lexical words are translated singly or one by one and it is out of context. If both languages are related to each other, it will be
understandable for the readers because they have similar grammatical forms. However, the negative effect of the used of this
type is unnatural translation.
Example : It‘s raining cats and dogs
Hujan kucing dan anjing
c. Faithful Translation
This type is reproducing the contextual meaning of the source language but it is still restricted by the grammatical form of
the target language text. The deviation of the source language is still kept but the translation is culturally accepted. Faithful
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translation attempts to be faithful to the intentions and the text- realization of the source language writer.
Example : Ben is too well aware that he is naughty
Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal
d. Semantic Translation
Nababan 2003: 45 states that semantic translation focuses on the equivalences of the word by keeping the cultural term of the
source language text. It can be said that this type is more flexible rather than faithful translation since the aesthetic value of the
source language text is endured. The text sounds neutral because the translator does not add or decreases or even makes the text
nicer.
Example : It doesn‘t pay
Itu tidak ada gunanya
2. Types of translation emphasizing the target language
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a. Adaptation
It can be said that adaptation is the freest and the closest translation in the target language. In addition, the important
elements like theme, character, and plot should be retained. Usually, poetry and comedy are translated with this type. It is
applied by adapting the cultural terms of the source language into the cultural terms of the target language text then the original text
is rewritten.
b. Free Translation
This type is applied by translating the messages of the source language only and it is rewritten in the new form in the
target language. The original form of the source language is ignored. This type cannot be used too often because it will ruin the
original form and the aesthetic value of the source language.
Example : To play truant
Membolos
c. Idiomatic Translation
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The aim of this method is reproducing the source language by using the colloquialism and idiom that do not exist in the source
text. Due to this, there will be distortion of meaning nuance. Adjustment is often used when the translator applies this type a lot.
Example : I‘ll treat you a cup of coffee
Aku akan mentraktirmu kopi
d. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation is applied by translating the exact contextual meaning of the source language in such away so
that the content and the language structures are acceptable for the target readers. Thus, the translator should consider the aim of the
translation and also the target readers. Communicative translation attempts to create the same effect experienced by the target readers
as the effect experienced by the readers of the source language. The translator is free to change the clumsy words of the source
language becoming more natural in the target language text.
Newmark 1988: 47 stated that among those eight types, only two types that fulfill the aims of translating covering accuracy and economy. They are
semantic translation and communicative translation. Semantic translation puts emphasize on the author‘s linguistic level; while communicative translation puts
emphasize on the readers‘ linguistic level.
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D. Problems of Equivalence
