Miftah. Pd. Cost Management in Early Childhood Education each present
Page 218 of 464
Television Education Media Development House in Surabaya, and Education Multimedia Development House in Semarang. As one of Pustekkom TIUs, Education Multimedia
Development House BPMP has obligation and function to develop learning multimedia model and format. One of the multimedia-based learning models developed by Educational
BPM is Mobile Learning program. This program is expected to be one of Jardiknas contents excluding the contents developed by Pustekkom. The program is evloved as one of ICT-based
learning resources as well as other education resources fostered by Pustekkom like Educational Television TVE, the sites of learning material Edukasi.net, and education radio.
Mobile Learning is a learning model undertaken by using technology which is portable when studying in mobile condition. With its various potentials and excesses, Mobile
Learning is expected to be alternative learning sources which can enhance the efficience of the process and performance of future students in Indonesia.
This article is written to share the experince in developing mobilehandphone-based learning media and to give a clear description about Mobile Learning program developed by
Pustekkom. It is expected that this article can be one of resources generally for the developers, observers, and users of the program especially for the civitas academica.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
ICT Development
Communication and Information Technology ICT is part of Knowledge and Technology Science which means all technology is generally related to uptaking, collecting, processing,
storing, distributing, and information presenting Research and Technology State Ministry, 2006. All software, hardware, content, computer infrastructure, and telecommunication are
included in the definition. The term of ICT or famous as infocom in Asian countries which use English appeared after computer technology both hardware and software and
communication technology are integrated as means of information distribution in the mid of 20
th
century. Both technology unification develops rapidly exceeding other technology areas. It is even believed that until the beginning of 21
st
century, ICT will continuously develop rapidly. In global level, ICT development has influenced all areas of human life.
If traced from the past, there were some technology development areas which obviously give contribution towards the recent ICT existence. The first is telephone invention
by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875. This invention was then followed up with communication network realization by using cable enlancing in whole American land. It was then followed by
trans-atlantic communication cable installation. This is actually the first infrastructure which were massively established by human for global communication.
Page 219 of 464
In the 20th century, especially between 1910-1920, sound transmission without cable was carried out through the first AM radio broadcast Lallana, 2003. The sound
communication without cable developed rapidly, and it was then followed by audio-visual transmission without cable in the form of television broadcast in 1940s. The first electronic
computer was operated in 1943 then followed by miniatur movement phase of electronic component through transistor invention in 1947 and integrated electronics in 1957.
Electronic technology development, which recently becomes ICT of teacher, acquired its golden moment in cold war era. IPTEK competitive between West Block USA and East Block
ex Uni Sovyet triggered electronic technology development by the efforts of electronic combination miniatur movement to control space planes and war mechines. The miniatur
movement of electronic component through integrated combination making will definitely result in micro-processor.
Thus, it ill e the ai of o pute s ha d a e hi h
continuously experience evolution until nowadays. However, the telecommunication set developed well when digital technology was
implemented to substitute the analog one which started to show its maximum limits exploration. The digital movement of telecommunication set then converged with computer
ware which initially adopted digital technology. The convergence result product have recently appeared in the form of cellular phone. There is certain content inside the
telecommunication and computation in the form of multimedia, which get appropriate place to develop. The convergence of telecommunication-computation-multimedia becomes the
characteristic of the 21
st
century in which in the 18
th
the characteristic was industry revolution. If mechines were subsituted into human power in industry revolution, mechines
substituted or at least evolved its ability human brain in digital revolution because the convergence of telecommunication-computation-multimedia occurred through digital
technology implementation.
Indonesia has ever used the term of telematics about the same meaning as ICT that has been already known recently. Encarta Dictionary describes that telematics is
telecommunication + informatics although it previously means science of data transmission. The process and distribution of information through telecommunication network give many
opportunities to use in many areas in human life including education. The idea to use learning mechine, to make complicated simulation, and to make animation of process which
is difficult to describe cause the learning practitioners feel interested. In addition, the possibility to serve learning without any time and place constraint is also facilitated by ICT .
Thus, there were many jargons
sta ted e like e-book, e-learning, e-laboratory, e-
Page 220 of 464
education, e-library, ect emerged. The i itial of e- ea s electronics which implicitly means
digital technology-based.
The Roles of ICT in Learning
Learning is a process of interaction between students and learning resources in learning environment. Therefore, the students should not only learn from teachers or educators but
also learn from any available resources in their environment. In learning activity, the students find it so easy to access learning resources which definitely determines the success
of achieving the goals of education. Students are closely related to information and educational material so that tools and infrastructure are required to fulfil the stated charge.
Thus, they will not be confused to find relevant materials, obvious resources, and place to aspirate the learning when they have many tasks in learning activity. There are actually many
kinds of learning resources. They can be in form of message, person, material, tools, technic, and environment. The understanding of learning resources in school has been limited only in
teachers or books. In fact, there are only little part of learning resources.
ICT use in learning in Indonesia has relatively long history. The initiative to broadcast education radio and television as efforts to spread information to educational units which
are spread in whole nation is the result of awareness to optimize technology usage to help the society learning process. The weakness of radio and television broadcast was there is no
simultaneous feedback interaction. The broadcast is in one way direction from facilitator towards learners.
Computer introduction with its ability to process and present multimedia presentation text, graphic, image, sound, and movie gives a new opportunity to overcome the weakness
possessed by radio and television. If television can only give one-way-information even when the broadcast is record, internet technology-based learning gives a chance to interact
both in real time or delayed. Internet-based learning enables to make synchronous learning. Its main excess is that both learner and facilitator do not have to be at the same place.
Technology use of video conference operated based on internet technology enables for learners to be everywhere if they are connected with computer network. In addition to the
mentioned applications, there are other several opportunities which are more simple, easier, and can be developed in line with recent ICT development. One of ICT forms is
internet that has rapildy developed since 21
st
century. Internet is actually one of globalisation era instruments that changes this world into transparent and is connected
easily and quickly without any place and nation limits.
Page 221 of 464
In line with ICT rapid development, the need of concept and mechanism of ICT-based teaching-learning education cannot be avoided anymore. The concept which was then
familiar by e-Learning influences the process of conventional education transformation into digital form both in its content and system. Nowadays, e-Learning concept is accepted well
by the world society by the implementation of e-Learning in education institution. The program of e-Learning developed in Multimedia Development Division of Pustekkom is one
of e-learning model application forms.
Concept of ICT-Based Learning
ICT-based education is an education system in which the teaching learning process takes place by using information and communication technology. In this system, the interaction
between teachers and learners must not meet physically like in conventional education system. They meet in information technology space internet by employing a media called
computer. The physical things learning materials, books in conventional learning system change into digital information in ICT-based learning system. Because of the change, for they
do not meet physically, the way of teaching learning and learning way of the learners must also change as well. The ICT-based education will
ha ge the tea he s a d lea e s attitude in teaching learning process. They must get under information technology instruments
employed in learning so that the teaching learning process can take place.
Challenge and implementation of ICT-based education are very hard. In addition to change the way of teaching learning process, big investment to provide appropriate IT
infrastructure so that learning process could take place also became a problem. Thus, there must be successful and failure story from their experience which innitially implement ICT-
based education.
ICT-based education then took more simple forms to reduce the weight of pure implementation such as the use of intranet network intranet is local computer network
which is the miniatur form of internet and the use of CD-ROM media. Learning process in intranet local network has almost similar characteristics to learning process in internet
network. It is undertaken in one place or in one building or in wider area. In CD-ROM-based system, the learning material is brought by learners in form of CD-ROM then learned in each
computer.
The thing that must be remembered is that any forms taken from ICT-based education must refer to the main goal, repairing teaching and learning quality in class and evolving
information technology literacy. Never develop ICT-based education system as optional or due to nice to have.
Page 222 of 464
The future school development in Indonesia necessarily focuses on more attention in ICT use like in ICT-based school program. look at following the picture
Education system information is a sytem to manage educational data, administration information system to manage administration data and school finance, library information
system to manage books and literatures data in library, and sms-based monitoring system to monitor the start and finish schedule of the students by integrating sms technology and
finger print. This monitoring system is quite useful for parents. All mentioned systems are useful to evolve effectiveness of school organization and IT-based education system.
The Concept of E-Learning-Based Learning
There are many experts who define e-Learning from different point of view. Many people generally state that e-Learning is an education system or concept that use
information technology in teaching learning process. According to Hartley 2001, e-Learning is a kind of teaching learning that enables the distribution of materials towards the students
by using means of internet, intranet, or other computer media. Meanwhile, in
LearnFrame.Com 2001 it is stated that e-Learning is an education system which employs electronic application to support teaching learning activity by media of internet, computer
network, and stand-alone computer.
Picture of IT-Based School
EDUCATION INFORMATION
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
INFORMATION SYSTEM
IT-BASED EDUCATION
LIBRARY INFORMATION
SYSTEM
IT-BASED SCHOOL
SMS-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM
Page 223 of 464
Therefore, e-Learning is all included in computer use in sustaining learning quality increase, including the use of mobile technology such as PDA and MP3 players. It is also
included in the use of web- and hypermedia-based teaching materials, CD-ROM multimedia or web sites, discussion forum, collaborative software, e-mail, blogs, wikis, computer aided
assessment, educational animation, simulation, games, learning management software, electronic voting systems, and so on. In addition to the mentioned usages, it can be also in
form of combination of different media use Thomas Toth, 2003; Athabasca University, Wikipedia.
As one of learning systems, e-learning can control various learning activities, such as planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating. Training programs can be also designed
more efficiently and effectively. The advantages of using e-Learning are: saving time of teaching learning process,
reducing transportation cost, saving whole education cost infrastructure, tools, books, reaching all wide geographic areas, practicing the learners to be more independent in
obtaining science.
The e-Learning development strategy is substantially the same as software development one. It says so because e-Learning is a software. In software engineering, there are several
phases we have to get through in developing a software, i.e.: requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance.
The Basic Concept of Mobile Learning
The use of information technology and communication in educational area increasingly develops in various strategies and patterns which are basically classified into e-Learning
system as the form of learning that employs electronic ware, digital media, and mobile learning M-Learning as form of learning that spesifically utilizes moving ware and
communication technology. The high level, the relatively easy use, and reachable ware cost of moving compared to
personal computer are the factors to escalate the use and application chance of mobile learning as a new trend in learning that form a learning paradigm that can be carried out
wherever and whenever. Mobile Learning is defined by Clark Quinn Quinn, 2000 as:
The i te se tio of o ile computing and e-learning: accessible resources wherever you are, strong search capabilities,
rich interaction, powerful support for effective learning, and performance-based assessment. E-Learning is
i depe de t of lo atio i ti e o spa e . Based on the definition, mobile learning is a learning model which employs information and
communication technology.
Page 224 of 464
The Plan of M-Education Application
Mobile learning is one of potential alternatives to extend education access. However, there has not been much information about moving ware use, especially celluler telephone
as learning media. It may be deplored because the high level of ownership and usage is not employed optimally for education development.
Therefore, BPMP Pustekkom tries to make innovation in model development for learning media program designed purposely. The program is developed in BPMP Pustekkom
with special term called Mobile Edukasi M-Edukasi. Here is the address: www.M- Edukasi.kemdikbud.go.id WEB and wap.M-Edukasi.kemdikbud.go.id WAP. M-Edukasi is
special name of mobile learning which is basically special form of model from term of generic mobile learning in general. As a system development product, M-Edukasi is
developed with special format and model. M-Edukasi has
sloga belajar cepat tanpa sekat
learning fast without barrier. This slogan decribes a mission that by M-Edukasi the users can learn fast wherever and whenever without any obstacles of learning time and place.
The Design of M-Edukasi Content
To explain the M-Learning model and format, the M-Learning content design M-Learning Content must be prepared. The mapping of M-Learning Content is as follows:
From content category, M-Learning which will be developed by BPMP Pustekkom can be explained as follows: 1. By Type of Version: M-Edukasi progam which will be developed is
based on Screen Size, 2. By Type of Application which comprises Drill and Practice, Tutorial, Simulation, Education Games, experiment, and Ensiklopedy. 3. By Topics: temporary
development in Science, Math, English, and Geography. 4. User by Educational Level: for education in middle level of both senior and junior high school.
The Content Development of M-Edukasi
Content Development of M-Edukasi is elaborated based on Platform, User Interface Design, Development Process, Technical ResourcesSystem Requirements, and Distribution
Format.
Picture of
M-Learning Content
Page 225 of 464
The content development discussion is elaborated as follows: 1. by Platform: there are some platforms that can be employed to develop M-Learning program, such as: Flash Lite,
Java, Symbian, Windows Mobile, and WAP application. For initial M-Learning development, BPMP Pustekkom will develop it by using Flash Lite platform. 2. User Interface Design: M-
Edukasi is deliberately designed by bending on User Interface Design as follows: opening, introduction, competence, material, simulation, question practices, tests, help, and closing.