1.5 Definitions of Terms
There are some terms in this study which need explaining further to avoid the ambiguity and misunderstanding.
1.5.1 Family.
According to Pikunas, family is an enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship, exercising hereditary and environmental influences of prime
dimensions on offspring 60. Horton and Hunt 216 state that family is the basic social institution from which other institutions have grown as increasing cultural
complexity made the necessary. Therefore, family is very important in forming one’s behavior.
1.5.2 Character
Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods define a character is a person who involves and acts put in a story in particular time and place 20-21. Abrams in
Glossary of Literary Terms states that characters are “the persons presented in the dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with
moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and by what they do the actions 21”. So, by analyzing the characters of the novel, we
can conclude that the character is a good or bad person. 1.5.3
Behavior Loftus 155 states that behavior is a physical realization of someone’s
psychological condition. It means that people will behave based on their psychological condition. In other words, behavior is a potrait of someone’s
psychological condition. In this study, I want to analyze the abnormal behavior that Pecola suffers from. Based on the character that I observe firstly, I categorize the
abnormal behavior of Pecola. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1.5.4 Parents
In A Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms, Horace B. English states that there are two definitions of parent. The first is an
organism that has produced offspring. The second definition is a father or a mother. The word parental is the adjective of the word parent which means having the quality
of parent. Thus, parents’ role is the role of the persons who are child’s own parents; while parental role is the role of a person who has the quality of parent.
1.5.5 Influence Influence is defined as power to affect somebody’s character, beliefs or
actions through example, for admiration, etc Hornby, 437. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Some theories are applied to support the analysis in chapter four. The related theories are explained in this chapter in order to help the readers have a clear
description about the foundation of the study. This chapter consists of review of related theories, criticism and theoretical framework.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
In order to analyze the influence on Pecola’s strange behavior, I need some theories to support the study. In this part, there are seven subchapters. The first is
critical approaches. The second is character. The third part is behavior. The fourth concerns the factors influencing abnormal behavior. Then, the next part is the children
psychological development. The sixth part is the influence of parents’ behavior toward children’s psychological development. And, the last is family.
2.1.1 Critical Approaches
Literature is one of works of art which is said to have an aesthetic value. The aesthetic value will give result in an aesthetic response that is, in a way, an evaluative
judgment which is given to the work of literature by the readers. The
evaluative judgment will be less worthwhile if it is only based on some subjective statements.
Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, in their book Reading and Writing about Literature 1995 state that to have a reasonable judgment, we need to employ a
means which is called a critical approach. In short, we can say that it brings us to a better understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. Rohrberger and
Woods present five approaches to analyze a novel. These approaches are used in order to understand the positive aesthetic values of literary work. These approaches are the
formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach 6-19.
The first approach is the formalist approach. This approach tries to examine the literature work about reference to the fact of the author’s life without reference to
the genre of the work or its place in development of the genre or in literary history, and without reference to its social milieu. This criticism emphasizes merely on the
work of literature itself and its esthetic meanings. It regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms”. It means that
all elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Its main goal is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s
content to shape its effects upon readers 7. The second approach is the biographical approach; this approach leads the
reader to try to learn as much as they can about the author’s life and the development of the author. This knowledge is applied to understand the writings because the
proponents of this approach demands that a work of art is a reflection of a personality 9. The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach which takes us to
analyze a novel based on the civilization that produces the novel. Civilization is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI