Maslow states that, “much of human behavior can be explained by the individual’s tendency to seek the personal goal that makes life rewarding and
meaningful” Hjlle and Ziegler, 368. It means that one forms his behavior in order to achieve the goal in his life and try to make his life meaningful.
Human behavior can be distinguished into normal behavior and abnormal behavior. A person is considered normal if hisher behavior conforms to, or not
deviating from the usual or the average norm, not suffering from mental disorder or mental deficiency. If hisher behavior deviates from this norm, he or she is considered
abnormal Ross 8.
2.1.3.1 Factors Influencing Abnormal Behavior
According to Lidz 1986, the factors influencing abnormal behavior are divided into six parts. The first factor is hereditary factor. It happens in psychosa case,
tuberculosis disease, neurosis, idiocy, psychosa syphilistic by syphilis disease. The second factor is pre-natal factor. Some causes are responsible for this.
First, it is caused by lack of nutrition, infection and wounds, poisoning during pregnancy. The next is during pregnancy the mother suffers from cholera disease,
typhoid fever, chronical tropicana malaria, bof, syphilis, mazelen, and tuberculosis. These interfere the baby. The baby’s blood is poisoned, and it causes abnormality in
the brain system. It can be also caused by sedative medicine consumption by mothers intoxicates the baby. Next, it happens when the mother suffers from psychosa
lunacy in the middle of pregnancy, or before delivery. Panic, shocks and stressful PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
situation also cause the abnormality. Finally, when the mother experiences a heavy stroke in the stomach and it hits the head of the fetus or another part of its body 31.
The third factor influencing abnormal behavior is birth. There are a lot of risks during the delivery. Either the mother or the baby may suffer from risks. Especially
when she gives the first birth. Solid pressures in the uterus hamper the baby’s head. The pressures cause intracranial haemorrhage or serebral haemorrhage. The fourth
factor is post-natal. The hindrance and the accidents occur in the first three years. Factors causing the abnormality are like traumatic experiences, the head injury, and
stiff; the baby suffers a high temperature and also an infection 32 The fifth factor is psychosocial. This covers five causes. The first is traumatic
experience in the childhood. This psychological trauma leaves scars in a child’s life until she or he grows up. Psychological trauma is the experience that destroys the
sense of security, sense of ability, pride, and it will be hard to recover from the trauma. The second is called parental deprivation, lacks of love from the parents; the
parents do not provide their children with love and enough attention in their lives. They do not give their children emotional stimulation that is, warmth, psychical
contact, intellectual stimulation, affection, and social stimulation. The third cause is the relationship between children and their parents. It creates a lot of problems and
obstacles in their lives, such as rejections, overprotection, unrealistic demands, over permissive actions, and parents that over spoilt the children. The next cause is the
parents themselves. Family structure can determine the variety of communication among the members. A certain family structure makes an unhealthy communication
pattern, and it will influence the emergence of obstacles of the members. The last is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
heavy stress. It is the condition that makes people under pressure. The heavy stress can also be caused by the frustration in losing his pride, norm conflicts in the society
and modern life style pressure 34. The last factor influencing abnormal behavior is socio cultural. For example,
people become the victims in the discrimination based on a certain group or political affiliations, economic recession and unemployment, and social changes and
technological achievements 35.
2.1.3.2 The Influence of Parental Behavior on Children’s Behavior Robinson
states that abnormal behavior in the individual is usually a reflection or “symptom” of unhealthy family in Sue 104. He also says that behavior is ruled largely by the
attributes of the family, especially the way the parents behave towards their children. In those statements, it can be clearly understood that parents take the biggest part in
shaping their children’s behavior. Parents have the major share of responsibility for socializing the children. If parents behave towards the children as though they are
worthwhile, the children are likely to develop a positive self-image and sense of self- worth. This sense of self is needed by all people to endure through defeats, conflicts,
and many other stressors. According to Sullivan, parents who do not see their children as worthwhile
persons or belittle and antagonize the children may cause the children to develop a negative self-image 93-94. Erik Erikson also stresses child-parents relationship. He
points out that parental love and attention are important in the children’s development PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
of a sense of trust. How trust develops in the children depends very much on the parents 56.
According to Craig, parents’ behavior also affects children’s behavior in three ways 322. First, parents serve as models for the child to identify with and imitate. A
child will imitate the actions that he sees from his parents. If he sees his father usually beat his mother when they have a fight, the child will automatically beats his friends
when he is unpleased. Second, most parents have specific expectations about the way they want their children to respond and behave. Children take a look on how their
parents behave in daily life. They will consider an event as a positive thing if their parents give a positive response. Finally, parents control the rewards and discipline
the child receives. It means that when parents give rewards to their children when they have good grades in schools, that will motivate the children to learn hard to get the
best grade in schools. Based on several research studies, it can be said that restrictive parents tend to
have dependent, obedient, and compliant children. Kagan and Moss, find that the long-term effects of childhood restrictiveness are much more stable in girls than boys
325. Most dependent girls remain this way as adults because dependence is often expected of girls. Therefore, this behavior is reinforced, as they grow older. Boys are
expected to be assertive, and they soon learn to inhibit signs of dependence. According to Craig, parental behavior on a child can also strongly determine how well
the child achieves social intimacy, personal autonomy, and an understanding of his place in the social environment 411.
2.1.4 Children Psychological Development
According to Erikson 81-88 there are eight stages of development. Erikson’s stages of development emphasizes on the importance of individual’s interaction with
the social environment in shaping behavior. The following are the explanations. The first stage is 0-1 year old. At the beginning of the first year of life, the
baby spends most of the time eating and sleeping. In this stage, the baby builds the trust on his mother. The ability to do all these things may develop a sense of basic
trust 101. The second stage is 2 to 3 years old. In this stage, the child learns to control himself. If he succeeds, he will feel proud. And failing to do so brings him the
feelings of shame and doubt, which lead the child to leave this stage with a lasting sense of insecurity. In this stage, children’s curiosity is growing stronger; the infants
absorb the information very quickly and learn to imitate it 82. The third stage is 4 to 5 years old. The child begins to master skills and tries
hard to perform well. The danger of this stage is the development of guilt. The child has already begun to learn what is forbidden. However, his ambitions are unlimited
and he may become aggressive and manipulative in trying to achieve his goals 83. As in Freudian system, this is the time of Oedipus Complex.
The forth stage is 6 to 12 years old. This stage is more or less equivalent to the Freudian period of latency. Gradually, his interest in playing is passed over by a
concern to produce and to learn how to use the tools of work. The danger in this stage is that if the child fails to master the tasks of school and home, he may develop a
lasting sense of inferiority. In this stage, the child begins to understand what happens PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
