Objectives of the Study

Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, in their book Reading and Writing about Literature 1995 state that to have a reasonable judgment, we need to employ a means which is called a critical approach. In short, we can say that it brings us to a better understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. Rohrberger and Woods present five approaches to analyze a novel. These approaches are used in order to understand the positive aesthetic values of literary work. These approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach 6-19. The first approach is the formalist approach. This approach tries to examine the literature work about reference to the fact of the author’s life without reference to the genre of the work or its place in development of the genre or in literary history, and without reference to its social milieu. This criticism emphasizes merely on the work of literature itself and its esthetic meanings. It regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms”. It means that all elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Its main goal is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effects upon readers 7. The second approach is the biographical approach; this approach leads the reader to try to learn as much as they can about the author’s life and the development of the author. This knowledge is applied to understand the writings because the proponents of this approach demands that a work of art is a reflection of a personality 9. The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach which takes us to analyze a novel based on the civilization that produces the novel. Civilization is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI