33 or problems provided. The writer made the questionnaires in Bahasa Indonesia in
order to avoid misinterpretation. In preliminary field testing step, the writer also used questionnaires as a
means of gaining an assessment of the designed set of materials. It consisted of two types of questions. The questions of the first type were closed questions. In this type
of questions, some questions and alternative answers were and the respondents chose the answers according to their opinions. The second type of the questions was open
questions. In this type of questions, the respondents were asked to write down their opinions on the statements or questions provided.
2. List of Interview Questions The interview was done to the first semester students of the first grade of
tourism department on SMK Negeri 4 Yogyakarta. The interview was done in an informal way to create familiarity between the writer and the respondents. It also
helped the writer to get feedback in an easier way to avoid awkward situations in interviewing the respondents.
3. Books The books used in this study were the books about instructional design model
and also other books that support this study. From the books of instructional design, the writer combined two models proposed by Yalden and Kemp.
E. Data Gathering Technique
There were two kinds of data gathering in this study. The first one was in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34 form of close-question questionnaires and the second one was an informal interview.
In this study, there were two kinds of questionnaires that had different purposes. The first kind of questionnaires were for the needs survey, which was aimed to get the
information about students’ interests and difficulties in learning English, especially listening. This kind of questionnaires had been spread out and the interview has been
done in the step of research and information collecting before the writer designed the materials.
The aim of the second questionnaire was to obtain feedback toward the designed set of materials from English lecturers and English teachers. This kind of
questionnaires was spread out at the time of preliminary field testing after the writer had designed the materials.
F. Techniques of Data Analysis
There were two ways used in collecting data in this study. They were interview and questionnaires. The questionnaire was a combination of closed and
open form questionnaires distributed to the respondents. The data from the interview was analyzed from the recorded speech and then the data were developed and used as
the basis in designing the materials. While, the data of the questionnaires for the students as needs survey were calculated as follows:
100 X
n n
∑
Notes: n
= the number of students who choose certain topics ∑
n = the total number of the students
35 Having analyzed the data both from the interview and questionnaires, the
writer then summed up the information of the problem faced by students, what kinds of teaching-learning style they regard as desirable, what kinds of teacher-learner
interactions they favor, and what the learners expected to learn within the program, which furthermore helped the writer design the materials. Based on the data
gathered, the writer then could determine what will characterize a good approach used, what strategies appropriate, and the most important thing was the interesting
materials used. The survey for the designed materials evaluation used the combination of
closed and open form of questionnaires. In closed-form questions, the respondents’ opinions on the designed set of materials were assessed by using five points of
agreement. They are: Table 3.1: Points of Agreements
Points of Agreement Meaning
1 2
3 4
5
If the respondents strongly disagree with the statements If the respondents disagree with the statements
If the respondents doubt the statements If the respondents agree with the statements
If the respondents strongly agree with the statements
Then the data were all measured by central tendency. To calculate the data, three indices are needed as presented as follows:
•
Mean Mn : an average of all the scores in a distribution
•
Median Med : the midpoint in a distribution
•
Mode Md : the most frequent score in a distribution
36 The descriptive statistics are presented as follows:
Table 3.2: The Descriptive Statistics
Central Tendency No.
The Respondents’ Opinion on N
Mn Med
Md
Notes: N
: The total number of the respondents In the second form of questionnaires, which was open form questionnaires,
the respondents had to write down the answer and give some opinions, suggestions, and also recommendations about the designed set of materials. The result of the
questionnaires was used as the basis in revising and improving the designed set of materials into the final version.
37
Figure 3.1: Research and Development Combined with Steps from Kemp and Yalden
Needs Survey Yalden’s
Goals, Topics, and Objectives Formulation
Kemp’s and Yalden’s
Syllabus Yalden’s
Revising Kemp’s and Yalden’s
Evaluation Kemp’s and Yalden’s
Materials Design Kemp’s Research and Information
Collecting
Planning
Developing Preliminary Form of Product
Preliminary Post Design Survey
Main Product Revision PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
