The Kind of Reading

e. Teach reading strategies Reading strategies is associated with a conscious and strategic plan to improve one’s performance in reading. 31 One good technique to make the students aware of the reading strategy they use that match their purpose for reading is to get them verbalizing their thought process as they read such as listening to the verbal report of another reader who has just read the same material. 32 f. Encourage readers to transform strategies into skills As learners consciously learn and practice specific reading strategies, the strategies which is defined as conscious actions that learners take to achieve desired goals move to become a skill, a strategy that has become automatic. 33 It means that reading strategy that have been mentioned on the previous point is purposed to increase students ability in reading by changing conscious action into unconscious. When the students succeed to achieve this, reading activity and comprehension will be easier to achieve. g. Build assessment and evaluation into your teaching Quantitative assessment such as information from reading comprehension tests as well as reading rate data and qualitative assessment activities such as reading journal responses, reading interest surveys, and responses to reading strategy checklists should be included in reading classroom. 34 h. Strive for continuous improvement as a reading teacher The success of students at school cannot be separated from the quality of the teacher as an individual. Reading teachers need to be passionate about their work, view themselves as facilitators, and helping each reader discover what 31 Peter Afflerbach, P. David Pearson, and Scott G. Paris, Clarifying Differences Between Reading Skills and Reading Strategies, The Reading Teacher, 615, 2008, p. 366. 32 Nunan, op. cit., p. 76. 33 Ibid., p. 77. 34 Ibid. works best, because those can lead to more effective reading instruction in the classroom. 35

B. Narrative Text

1. The Definition of Narrative Text

Narrative text is close to everyday experiences as it usually based on real events in life and practically do by people on daily basic. Narrative text can be a fiction, non-fiction or a combination of both which comes from the writer’s real experience or imagination. According to Anderson, a narrative text is a text that tells a story and, in doing so, entertains the audience. 36 By reading a narrative text, the readers will get an experience that somehow connected to their prior knowledge and build an interpretation which is entertaining. Narrative text is a type of texts which the events are given in chronological order. As National Assessment Program NAP stated that narrative text is a time- ordered text that is used to tell a story and entertain the reader. 37 Regarding to narrative text and time sequences, Abbott added that narrative text allows the events to create the order of time. 38 The order of time which is formed on a narrative text is interrelated to each other and makes the story understandable for the readers. According to Coffman and Reed, narrative text is described as having several common components including a setting, plot series of episodes based on goals, attempt, outcomes, resolution or story ending. 39 These components form the basic aspect of a narrative text. Related to these components, early researchers 35 Nunan, op. cit., p. 77. 36 Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia, 1998, p. 3. 37 National Assessment Program —Literacy and Numeracy, Narrative Marking Guide, 2014, http:www.nap.edu.au, p. 4. 38 H. Porter Abbott, The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 3 —4. 39 Gerry A. Coffman and Melissa D. Reed, the True Story of Narrative Text: from Theory to Practice, Kansas: The Reading Professor vol. 32 no. 1, 2010, p. 5.