Definition Theory of Conflict

desired result is to make as great as possible the importance between two individuals. At the same time integrative negotiation also keeps the connection. Whereas distributive negotiation is different from integrative negotiation. Distributive negotiation is also known as bargaining. A bargainer tries to obtain the desired result at the cost of other people, take part in games to obtain a benefit in the series of steps taken toward achieving the goal, and force through a very firm and forceful request p. 45. The second way is mediation. Mediation needs a third person or mediator involved in resolving the conflict. The third person has to be an unbiased person. Shehe does not state one’s position forcefully in the result. The third party does not have authority to force a judgement after considering something to be accepted. However, he or she has to help the “disputants” make a decision by not involving in conflict discussion series of action that the desired result is to solve the argument p.72. Isenhart and Spagle 2000 suggest four mediation activities. The first is mediation should be a safe context. It means that the mediator should create a circumstance that enables the subjects of conflict to share their problem safely. Second, the mediation activity should change the focus of discussion. The mediator should change the concern of the discussion from blaming statement to the discussion that allows the subjects to share their feeling. The third is the ability of mediator to indentify and clarify the central or underlying issues. When the tension of conflict becomes high, the subjects of the conflict will not easily find the solution. Therefore, the mediator should supply the parties to see objectively so that they can find the solution. The last is the parties have an opportunity to assume greater responsibilty . Greater responsibility is given to find the solution of differences. It means that the parties are free to make the best decision to their problem. Another task of mediator is to be a motivator. It means that mediator should motivate the parties to keep a good relationship. While the third way is called facilitation. Similiar to mediation, facilitation also requires the individual to be an unbiased person. A facilitator helps people by some clearly and definitely systematic steps in order to achieve the result succesfully p. 107. Mediation and facilitation use dialogue to solve the conflict. The fourth is arbitration. In this way of coping with conflict, people who experience conflict need the third person or the arbitrator. The task of the arbitrator is to listen the subjects of conflict and make the decision for them p. 130. The last way is judicial processes. Isenhart and Spagle 2000 explain judicial processes in five categories. They are fact finding, early neutral evaluation, dispute review board, mini trial, and summary jury trial. Fact finding provide a third person from the court to examine a conflict carefully. Early neutral evaluation is used for handling personal injury or employment discrimination. Dispute review board is used for handling large infrastructure planned works with high bad possibility and responsibility contract. Mini trial allows the parties in “a nonbiding, voluntary, and structure hearing normally 2-3 days to resolve disputes over issues such as product liability, antitrust, contract, patent infringement, and employee grievances” Isenhart Spagle, 2000, p. 150. The