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be fulfilled. Validity refers to whether the data actually reflect the phenomena they claim to Sagor 2005: 93. On contrary, reliability refers to the accuracy of
the data. The followings are the discussion of the trend analysis technique and the data triangulation matrix.
1. Trend Analysis
As it has been stated before, this research employed rating checklist and single lesson time line record sheet as two of instruments for data collection. In
order to elicit the trend, the rating checklist and the single lesson time line record sheet were assembled and coded. Then, following Sagor 2005: 111, the trend
could be described by the relation between time and performance as Figure 3.3 illustrated.
Figure 3.3 Trend Analysis Sagor, 2005: 111
As an example, in the meeting two, the writer employed four techniques to be investigated whether or not they could improve students’ grammar and
pronunciation accuracy. The first and second technique could improve the students’ grammar accuracy whether the third and fourth technique could not.
Therefore, the diagram would indicate the increasing trend which was shown by a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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line during the employment the first and second technique. On the other hand, decreasing trend would be indicated by a line from top to the bottom of the
performance axis during the employment of the third and fourth technique. However, findings of the trend analysis should be validated by means of
other instruments in this research. Data triangulation was employed to maintain the validity and the reliability of the research. The followings are the complete
discussion of the data triangulation technique.
2. Data Triangulation
Sagor, 2005: 93-96 suggests triangulation matrix as the means of fulfilling the validity and reliability. Table 3.2 outlines the triangulation matrix
which was used in this research. The rationale of triangulation was that single evidence gathered from a single data might be suspicious and imprecise.
Therefore, when separate and independent piece of data were gathered and emerge the same findings, the precision of the findings would be apparent.
Table 3.2 Triangulation Matrix Research Problem
Data Source 1 Data Source 2
Data Source 3
1 rating checklist and
single lesson time line record sheet
field notes interview
2 single lesson time
line record sheet field notes
interview 3
rating checklist and single lesson time
line record sheet field notes
interview 4
single lesson time line record sheet
field notes interview
The operation of the triangulation matrix should be done step by step and
systematically. First, the rating checklist and the single lesson time line record PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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sheet were gathered and scanned to look for patterns. These emerging patterns were called as the trend. As an example, on the second cycle the writer employed
repetition drill. During the employment of the repetition drill, the trend showed that this technique could improve the students’ grammar accuracy. Second, this
finding then was tested against the field notes to validate whether or not repetition drill improved the students’ grammar accuracy. On the field notes, the writer not
only recorded the events occurring during her teaching but also her critical reflection as a professional. Certainly, her critical reflection held theoretical and
practical explanation of her action on employing a certain technique. Therefore, it would give explanation on why certain pattern emerged during her teaching. It
would also give theoretical and practical explanation on why a certain technique could improve the students’ grammar accuracy. Finally, the interviews were
conducted to the students to validate the observations. If the interview emerged the same finding, then it could be concluded that a certain technique or repetition
drill in this case, could improve the students’ grammar accuracy.
F. Research Procedure
