happen in the story. Then, the static characters are the characters have same at the beginning until the end of story.
d. Point of View and Tone
Point of View is where the author places herhim in the story. There are two main points of view: first person 1 and third person he, she, and they. The
first person of view is the author creates a person or mask through which shehe tells the story. The first person of view may be a character in the story, the
observer of events. The third person of view is divided in two parts: omniscient and limited omniscient. The omniscient means the author knows the thoughts
of all characters in the story. Meanwhile, the limited omniscient means the author just knows and focuses on a character in the story. Furthermore, tone in
writing is the author is the author‘s attitude toward the characters, the topic, or the readers. It is similar like tone in speech. It is achieved by descriptive details
of setting and characters, dialogue, and a narrator‘s direct comment. e.
Theme Theme is an author‘s insight or general observation about human nature or
the human condition that is delivered by characters, plot, and imagery. There is rule to put theme in the story. However, it can be identified in the factual
details of plot, characters, and setting. f.
Style Style is an author‘s characteristic way to say things in the story. It is
divided into 3 components: diction, imagery and symbols, and syntax. The first component is diction. It is the author‘s choice on using words. It can be chosen
as general or specific, formal or informal, abstract or concrete, common, jargon, etc. The second components are imagery and symbols. Imagery is a
term of senses. It involves sight, tastes, smell, touch, and hearing. It also associates with figure of speech, like simile, metaphor, personification,
hyperbole, and others. Then, a symbol is anything concrete, like an object, a
place, a character, and an action. The last component is syntax or sentence structure. It is the individual‘s pattern or arrangement of words and phrases.
Based on description above, it concludes that narrative text has six basic elements. They are plot, setting, character, point of view and tone, theme, and
style. It relates each other to make a complete story. The readers should identify these basic elements to help them comprehend overall the story.
2. The Objectives of Narrative Text
People read narrative text might be for enjoyment and pleasure; to gain a reader‘s interest. It means they like enjoying themselves to read any kinds of
stories because they may possess similar feelings or find themselves in like situation. This is in line with Mark Anderson‘s statement ―the purpose of narrative
text is to present a view of the word that entertains or informs the reader or listener.
23
In sum up, the purpose of narrative text is the is the readers as if involved within story to get the pleasure, and to get the feeling of some issue.
3. The Schematic Structure of Narrative Text
The generic structures of narrative texts are orientation, complication, and sequence of events, resolution, and Coda.
24
More detailed about generic structure of narrative text that has been proposed by Mark and Kathy Anderson are:
a. Orientation
In this paragraph, the narrator tells the audience who is in the story, when it is happening, where it is happening and what is going on.
23
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, op. cit., p. 6.
24
Ibid., p. 12.
b. Complication
This is the part of the story where the narrator tells about something that will begin a chain of events. These events will affect one or more of the characters.
The complication is the trigger. c.
Sequence of events This is where the narrator tells how the characters react to the complication. It
includes their feelings and what they do. The events can be told in chronological order the order in which they happen or with flashbacks. The
audience is given the narrator‘s point of view. d.
Resolution In this part of the narrative where the complication is sorted out or the problem
is solved. e.
Coda The narrator includes a coda if there is to be a moral or message to be learned
from the story.
C. Group Work
1. Definition of Group Work
Group work is one of the techniques that used in teaching especially teaching reading. By using group work technique, the students have opportunities to share
their idea and interpret the text with their friends in a group. It is line with Nuttal, she said
that ―In group work mode of organization, much of guidance comes from fellow students. Working together can produce excellent motivation, and a slight
sense of competition between groups does no harm if it is not allowed to get out of hand.
25
Thus, group work as a technique to make the students can learn and solve the problem together.
25
Christine Nuttal, Teaching Reading Skill in a Foreign Language, Oxford: Heinemann, 1982, p. 160.
Next, it is about definition of group work. As stated by Brown, group work is one of techniques that consist of two or more students are assigned a task that
involves collaboration and self-initiated language.
26
This statement means that as a technique, group work gets students to work together in doing their task. Student
in-group works are more than two or perhaps six. In addition, Ruppet Brown defined ―a group exists when two or more people define themselves as member of
it and when its existence is recognized by at least one another.
27
On the other words, group consists of two or more people join one as a member.
Meanwhile, Ur said that group work is learning task through small-group interaction that is performed by learner to become more active in oral fluency
because students in-group get opportunities to talk in class.
28
Group work can make students learn actively because they have chance to talk in the classroom.
In addition, Hess explained that, Group work is obviously a key element as it enables students to learn from one another. When working in small groups,
students have a greater chance to practice oral fluency. Students are also far less intimidated in a small group, and once they become familiar with the procedures,
they usually enjoy sharing ideas and practicing new language structure in this format.
29
A group is no more than the sum of traits and actions that exist in separate individuals. Teachers often view their class groups in this manner. They
see the class group a number of individual parts, and it is difficult for them to view their classes as organized wholes, or to note that the group itself has
characteristic of its own and behavior of its own.
26
H. Douglas Brown, Teaching by Principle: An Interactive approach to Language Pedagogy, San Francisco: Longman, 2000. p. 177.
27
Zoltan Dornyei and Tim Murphey, Group Dynamics in the Language Classroom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 13.
28
Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 232.
29
Natalie Hess, Teaching Large Multilevel Classes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 112.
A group may be said to exist when two or more persons have as one quality of their relationship some interdependence and process some recognizable unity. The
members meet in face-to-face situations and form distinct impressions of each other. There is interaction that is, each member reacts to the behavior of each
other member. The individuals comprising the group not only interact, but they often act together in a unitary manner toward their environment.
Based on definition, group work is viewed as a technique that gives students some chance to practice oral fluency, share idea with friends, and practice the new
language. Group work is a guidance that comes not only from the teachers but also from fellow-students to understand the text and discuss together on the
chance of getting the best interpretation.
30
In sum up, group work is one of the techniques that consist of two or more students in a group who are given the same task to finish well. Then, students
cooperate to study and share their ideas in-group wok. They may also help and guide each other and they can interpret the reading text cooperatively.
2. The Purpose of Group Work
There are some purposes of group work. According to Bormann, ―the primary purpose of much of the talk in a group discussion must be to
communi cate‖.
31
It means that communication is the main purpose of group work. Group work is a team covering a multiplicity of techniques in which two or more
students are assigned a task that involves collaboration and self initiated language. Note that we commonly call pair work is simply group work in groups of
two. It is also important to note that group work usually implies ―small‖ group work, that is, students is groups of perhaps six or fewer. Large grouping defeat
30
Nuttal, op. cit., pp. 159 —160.
31
Ernest G. Bormann, Discussion and Group Methods, New York: Harper and Row Publisher, 1969, p. 4.
