Field Notes Interview Research Instruments

33

2. Field Notes

Field notes are the written account of what the writer sees, hears, experience, and thinks in the course of collecting and reflecting on the data in qualitative study Bodgan Blinker, 1982: 74. In this case, field notes contained what the researcher heard and saw during the researcher’s observation about the participants’ activities in teaching the students. The researcher took notes on actions in the classroom activities especially related ton set induction activities used by the student teachers and the students’ responses towards activities being used. Field notes contained of two sub-parts, the descriptive parts and the reflective parts. The descriptive parts, the researcher described on what she saw and heard during the observation. “The goal is to capture the slice of life” Bogdan Blinker, 1982: 84. In this part, the researcher avoided using abstract words but the researcher used detailed words referring of exactly what people are doing, saying and what they look like. While in reflective parts, the researcher gave personal comments on what she saw. The purpose of reflective parts is to avoid bias or take sides because of the relationship between the researcher and participants might influence to the researcher’s feelings and impressions on formulating the research findings. The instrument can be found in Appendix B.

3. Interview

Interview was the third instrument used by the researcher to obtain the data. There were many definition of interview, as the researcher found based on some related literature. DeMarris said that, Interview is a process in which a researcher and participants engage in conversation focused on questions related to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 34 a research study 2004: 55, cited in Merriam, 2009. While Dexter said, that interview is more than just a conversation, but “a conversation with a purpose” 1970, p.136, cited in Merriam, 2009. Interview is one of essential instruments that can be used in collecting data, especially when the researcher could not observe the situation. Through interview, the researcher was also able to collect data from the past event that impossibly to replicate. There are two types of question in interview, namely structured close ended form and unstructured open ended form. Open interview provides interviewee with broad freedom of expression and elaboration and often resembles informal talks. In close interview, there are specific core question determine in advance from which the interviewer branches off to explore in-depth information, probing according to the way interview proceeds, and allowing elaboration, within limits Seliger Shohamy, 1989:167 This instrument was used to answer the second and third questions of the problem formulation. The first one was to ansewr the second and third reserach questions. Secondly, intreview was to cross check with the students teachers about the teaching and learning process in the class. By conducting interview, the researcher needed to cross check with the student teachers. The researcher did cross check by asking the student teacher about what the researcher saw during the observation. It was also used to avoid subjectivity when the researcher conducted observation. The interview conducted was an open-ended interview. In this kind of interview, the person who was being interviewed had a freedom to answer the questions asked by the researcher based on their own opinion and perception. Through this interview, the researcher asked how about the set induction activities PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 35 was going in the learning process conducted by the student teachers in the classroom, the problem that arouse in implementing set induction and how the student teachers solved the problems.The instrument can be found in Appendix B.

D. Data Gathering Techniques