Ex: ‘selamat malam’ could be translated as ‘good night’ or ‘good evening’.
“Hari ini adalah 40 harinya ibunya.” = “This day is the fortieth day of her mother’s death.”
5 Footnote Conditioning happens only if there is a deadlock in
translating the text para. 62-72.
d. Meaning-Based Translation
Larson 1984 points out on the goal of any translator, which is “to keep the meaning constant” p. 11. It means a meaning-based translation allows translator to
change the form of source text wherever necessary, as long as its meaning is not distorted.
e. Styles of Translation
Friedman further describes the kinds of style in translation. According to him, it includes:
1
Metaphor is a transfer of some quality from among objects based on
resemblance; 2
Trite Metaphor is a metaphor that overused in speech and often turns
into idiomatic phrases, fixed in dictionaries;
3
Metonymy is a transference of meaning which is based on contiguity of
notions; 4
Irony is a simultaneous realization of two opposite meanings: the direct
and implied; 5
Zeugma is an application of two different meanings of the word at once
that creates a pun direct and figurative meaning at once; 6
Periphrasis is a process of renaming, that sometimes applied by creating euphemism;
7 Allusion is an indirect reference to a historical or literary fact or
person contained in the text. 8
Allegory is a use of objects or characters figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad qualities, including personification
para. as cited in Goumovskaya, 2007.
f.
Assessing Translation Product
Machali 2000 comes with a table of translation assessment as follows:
Table 2.1 Machali’s Translation Assessment Category
Score Indicators
Almost Perfect 86 – 90 A
Fluent translation, no mispell, no gramatical
mistake, no
diction confusion.
Category Score
Indicators
Very Good 75 – 85 B
No meaning distortion, no literal translation, no diction confusion, only
few grammatical spelling mistakes appear.
Good 61 – 74 C
No meaning distortion; few literal translations; grammatical, diction, and
idiomatic mistakes appear but no more than 15 of all text.
Average 46 – 60 D
Sounds like a translation. There are some literal translations;
idiomatic or grammatical mistakes, and unproper dictions but no more than 25
of all texts. Poor
20 – 45 E Sounds really like a translation; there are
literal translations, meaning distortions, and improper dictions more than 25 of
all texts para. 119-120.
2. Theory of Culture
