16 6 A: Kelan ba magda-dry-run when shall we the dry run for recitation of the
Holy Rosary? B:
Tomorrow C:
May schedule ka Do you have the schedule?
B: Homeroom
period. A:
Homeroom? B: Kasi pag naibang time fifty boys ang mawawala sa grade three if we
change the schedule, fifty boys in grade three will have to leave their classes
A: Ahh … Okay As it was written above, Marasigan 1983: 87 figures the situation where there
are 2 teachers. B is the superior to A. Teacher B answered A’s question in English in order to maintain her distance. B switched to mix – mix to bridge the short gap and
distance which finally made her sound more personal and convincing with her reason. As she expected, A was convinced and was willing to join the dry - run. In some cases,
subjects switch Pilipino to English for objective fact or casual one and switch English to Pilipino for personal opinion or emotional involvement. The personal expressions
can be opinions, deductions, conclusions which also tell how high the Filipino’s sense of personal dignity is.
7. Facility of Expression
This function shows that the subject get difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking or writing which also signs that she is lack of familiarity with the
style she is using. Marasigan 1983: 93 at example 36 as quoted in example 7 explains;
“Marami akong natutuhan sa kanya I learned many things from her. Para
sang sina Charito at Lolita kapag nag emote na sa kamera she emotes her role
in the same way as Charito and Lolita. Hindi magalaw ang katawan She hardly moves her body. Pero nandoon sa mukha ang registration ng bigat ng
feeling ng kanyang kina – characterize na role but the strong feeling in the role
she is characterizing is registered on her face”.
17 The speaker was a movie star and she is talking about movies. The occurrence
of English terms is not unexpected and ordinarily used by movie community in order to feel convenient to convey their messages. She assumes the readers are movie
enthusiasts and understood the meaning. Marasigan 1983: 94 says it may be argued that this is the simple example of borrowing and not code switching since they involve
only the introduction of single English words and phrases into Pilipino passages. Some students analyze the conversational and written functions of code
switching occur in some area in Indonesia. Prastiti 2002: vi writes about “The Function of Indonesian – English Code Switching: The Case Study of Speech delivered
by Rasdi Ekosiswoyo” and found that there are 160 instances of code switching which had been analyzed and classified based on the function of code switching. There are 9
quotations, no addressee specification, no interjection, 47 reiterations, 6 message qualifications, 26 personalizations, 111 facility of expressions and 1 deixis. Some code
switching served more than one functions and there is not any addressee specification nor interaction since it was a single conversation in spoken language. She finds that
Rasdi utters 160 code switching for different functions. Facility of expression is the biggest number of function he uses. It means he wants to express his speech more by
switching. Hermawati 2001: iv –v adds that the function and content words used by
listeners of The Sunday Morning Café on RCTFM Semarang. She claims that among whole population of the research, which is 30 of 100 listeners at an interactive
program called “I”, is most frequently used by the listeners. This word has been used 239 times by 30 subjects being analyzed. Second is a relation between the collected
word data with those in Birmingham corpus that word ‘a’ is in the fifth position and
18 use in the order rank of words make by the writer and the order rank of words in the
Birmingham corpus. She finds that the function to use “I” many times is addressing the speaker.
Maryatun 2002:vi finds that on MTV Most Wanted led by Sarah Sechan, there are 118 instances, which was analyzed into 138 expressions. Those functions
distributed into 8 quotation, 1 addressee specification, 12 interjection, 9 reiteration, 31 message qualification, 21 personalization and objectization, 47 facility of expression
and 9 deixis. She analyses that the biggest function to switch code is for message qualification means that the subject means to stress the message since there will be no
other words to replace what they mean. There will be misunderstanding when they don’t use the switching.
Laely 2002 states that on Kartowijaya’s Impian Amerika, there are 325 items in the 270 instances of code switching which are analyzed into some functions; 37
quotations, 14 addressee specifications, 8 interjections, 22 reiterations, 53 message qualifications, 18 personalizations, 153 facility of expressions and 20 deixis. She says
that one instance of code switching is often not only a single function but integrated one another.
Wahyuni 2002: vi mentions on Kuntowijaya’s, there are 325 items in 270 instances of code switching. The functions are 153 facility of expressions, 53 message
qualifications, 57 quotations, 22 reiterations, 20 deixis, 18 personalization and objectification, 14 addresses, and 8 interjections.
In another case, Ujanti 2002: viii reports that there are 479 functions in the 300 sentences of code switching which are found in columns and have been analyzed
and classified based on that set of categories. All of those switches at the study of
19 “Madhep Ngalor Sugih Madhep Ngidul Sugih: Mangan Ora Mangan Kumpul 3 By
Umar Kayam” are intended for those functions and it can be observed that in most
cases, one of code switching may serve for more than one function. The proportion of those functions is not the same. There are 23 functions of quotations, 12 of addressee
spesification, 6 of interjections, 103 of reiteration, 84 of message qualifications, 53 of personalization and objectivization, 182 of facility of expression, and 16 deixis. She
claims that most Indonesian societies are bilingual or multilingual. Indonesians master 2 or more languages than their own mother tongue like Indonesian as the national
lingua franca and English as the first foreign language taught at schools. The Indonesian – English code switching has become part of the informal Indonesian
speech. Long time ago since the Dutch colonialism in Indonesia, we also have found code switching use by common people. For example: persekot, jogjig, molen, leker, ye,
ik, stanplat, and so on.
To sum up, compare to Marasigan who finds 7 functions at the conversational and written code switching in Metro Manila, Prastiti finds 6 kinds of conversational
functions, Hermawati finds only one conversational function, Maryatun finds 8 conversational functions, Laely finds 8 written functions, Wahyuni finds 8 written
functions, and Ujanti finds 8 written functions. In average, they are agree with Marasigan’s finding.
Grosjean 1982: 150 in addition mentions the function of code switching; 1. Speaker prefers to use the most available word than to find similar expression in
proper language. 2. Speaker will keep using the new code since it will trigger him thus the continuation
of sentence may stay in the new code.
20 3. Speaker has something to emphasize by mentioning certain words into certain
intonation and showing facial expression. 4. Speaker quotes someone’s saying.
5. Speaker marks and shows his group identity. In some cases in Indonesian radio stations, their slogans are in Indonesian or Javanese that makes listeners recognized it.
6. Speaker has a sense of humor. 7. Speaker excludes someone, or when a third person enters the room, or if the
location of the interaction changes. 8. Speaker wants to show to audience that he is able to use or speak in other
languages. From the reasons mentioned above, he finds that each code switching has its
own function. For example when a speaker quotes someone’s saying then there will be a quotation function.
After all, Ferguson 2002: 1 adds the example of special functions are instruction to servants, family conversation, folk literature, political cartoon caption,
speech in parliament, news broadcast, personal letter and so on. Furthermore, other different studies have done to develop more than code
switching functions. Sugestiningrum 2002: 25 notes that the total number of code switching on GAMA fans program is 116, which 104 are English externals and 12 code
switching into regional languages internal ones. Those code switching are 52 50 for filling a linguistic need for lexical item and to rise status and show expertise, 2
1,92 for continuing the last language usedtriggering, 13 12,50 to emphasize message, 17 16,35 quoting certain source, 10 9,62 marking and emphasizing
21 group identity, 10 9,62 showing a sense of humor, anger or other feelings, 0 0
excluding the third person. Lestari 2002 pursues that there are code switching found at Gayeng
Semarangan in Suara Merdeka in 2000. The writers are Prie GS, Prof. Eko Budiharjo
and Prof. Abu Su’ud. She convinces us with her research that there are code switching from Indonesian to Javanese and other foreign languages. Those examples are in
Arabic Tabik, Assalamu’alaikum, Wassalamu’alaikum, etc, Javanese Kepareng, kulonuwun
, etc, and English law enforcement, people power, etc. Each writer has his own characteristic in using code switching. Lestari 2002 summarizes that code
switching goals at Gayeng Semarangan by Prof. Eko Budiharjo, Prie GS. Etc are as follow:
1. Convince the listener
2. Minimize social distance
3. Make it easier to be understood
4. Replace the absence of Indonesian terms on idioms
5. Avoid it from misinterpreting by quoting the original words or sentences
6. They live in Indonesia to realize the current affairs.
Lestari, 2002 She finds and proves the code – switching and code – mixing occur at Gayeng
Semarangan after doing observation and discourse analysis. From her findings, we see 6 purposes to switch codes are done by 3 different writers.
2.3 Factors that Account on Code Switching
