31 what factors accounted for code – switching on the Uncle JC’s Happy Hour by
conducting the data based on identification, categorization, and inductive method. To achieve the goal, the study is conducted to descriptive stage where there will be
description details of certain phenomena of any individual or a certain group in a society and carefully explained how the phenomena occurred in the group in the
explanatory stage development. Marasigan 1983: 27 classified conversational and written data collection into
three types as they came from three different sourced and gathered in three different ways. First is a taped natural conversation of randomly selected adults and children in
the school campus. Second, free written compositions by diffferent randomly selected groups pf adults and children and third, clippings from the Philipine mass media. I
follow Marasigan’s frame work only for the type of oral data to be analyzed.
3.2 Object of the Study
The object of the study is 8 episodes of Uncle JC Happy Hour. It is broadcasted in Smart FM Jakarta and delayed in other 6 big cities in Indonesia, every Saturday and
Sunday, 6.30-8 pm in April 2003. Uncle JC Happy Hour is one of the programs at Smart FM Networks used English as the language. Listeners can ring the phone
number while JC and Fanny as DJs responded. Total participants are 116. The background of the participant’s profession, nationality and education are not the same
graduate, undergraduate, post graduate, worker, foreigner, local, businessman, etc. There are 8 episodes, where each episode lasted for one and a half of an hour a half an
hour commercials included. In constructing code switching, participants may have different terms, means that they may switch the codes in the form of words, phrases or
32 sentences. As it is written in the chapter II, Marasigan defines code switching and code
mixing clearly.
3.3 Procedure of Data Collection
Marasigan 1983: 27 classifies the two types of data oral and written into three types. The type of data consisted of taped natural conversations of Uncle JC
Happy Hour which has been existed in Smart FM Jakarta every Saturday and Sunday since 2002. To limit the great number of data, the investigator decided to pick up 8
episodes of Uncle JC Happy Hour in April 2003, which is near to the time the investigator proposed this research. I consider using a computer where I could find the
“winamp” or cool edit system. Those are able to play the CD easily and carefully compare with tape recorder.
In this study, conversation at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour is taken as the only data which were collected through recording, transcribing, identifying, categorizing and
reducing.
3.3.1 Recording
I get those CDs from the Product Service Provider manager at Smart FM Semarang. It was recorded in Jakarta and sent to Semarang. The data are recorded on 4
CDs. One CD is loaded by 2 episodes. In total, there are 8 episodes. Compare with Marasigan taping, no one of the participants except JC and Fanny know that the
conversation would be taped. This is done in order to get the natural data from the participants.
33
3.3.2 Transcribing the Data
Supported by Cool edit systems, a new system of radio broadcasting equipment where buttons of rewind can automatically play CD carefully. This is used by Smart
FM network. I transcribe the data into written form on worksheet in order to identify the
codes properly. The ratio of transcribing time to tape time was typically 5:1 on the average; it took five hours to transcribe one and a half hours of tape. The transcripts
can be enormously useful in data analysis and immerse ourselves in the data and get a sense of the whole even the process of transcribing is long Patton, 1980: 248 and
2002. In transcribing the data, I present the data in transcript as follows; full stops .,
Comma ,, Question mark ?, exclamation mark , Words in capital letters WOW, Quotation mark “ “, Empty parentheses , Uncertain transcription laugh, Overlap
phenomena ==, Turn numbers 1,2,3 …, NV indicates non verbal expression, The hosts are labeled into J and F J F, The caller in each script is labeled with first letter
S and when it is complicated when there are same alphabets, I take two letters FE Eggin and Slade 1997.
3.3.3 Identifying From 8 episodes, I identify expressions containing code switching with bold
and italic then write the translation into capital letters in bold and italic behind it. Bold
is only used for code mixing but I will not concentrate at this since the point in this study is code switching. Some pocket and internet dictionaries together with experts
Mr. Wan Chen Lung, the host DJ at a Mandarin program called NI He WO in Smart
34 FM Semarang, and Yasu chan, the Japanese student at Bahasa Indonesia department of
UGM Yogyakarta are supported the translation.
3.3.4 Categorizing
I engage categorization of the data on the basis of some categories such as the categories of code – switching. Carney, Joiner and Helen 1997 concern that while
categorization is not an arbitrary process, neither is it necessary to have a finite, unchanging list of categories or codes into which must be stuffed all the bits of data in
this project. I follow Marasigan 1983: 73-98 categorization that code switching falls into seven functions; quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection,
message qualification, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expression.
3.3.5 Reducing
After categorizing the functions, it is discovered in the end that not all of them could be used for the purpose of the study. The data which has similar characteristic
are needed to be reduced for effective finding.
3.4 Method of Data Analysis
