Code Switching REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Code Switching

There are researchers who have done some researches relate to language in societies. As we know, that the study of language in its social context covers the social relationships within particular community, thus we can approach to the situation and use of language. In this study, I will follow Marasigan and compare with other researchers. Marasigan 1983: 7 cites that “code switching or code choice in this particular study refers to the use of two languages Pilipino and English in the same sentence or discourse”. Pilipino as the national language of Filipino with various dialects is influenced by the English of American missionaries when they took over this country from Spain at the century. English itself is taken as a better language for their progress time after time. We could see it since they took it as the language of instruction in the schools. Everywhere we meet educated people we will be able to speak in English even with different accent is like in Uncle JC’s Happy Hour community. This phenomenon will show how various languages grow and spread all over the country and enrich the development of the language. Marasigan 1979: 7 writes that the studies done on code switching in the Philippines are in linguistic and sociolinguistic. It has been started since 1967, when there is switching called mix – mix of Tagalog – English. She distinguishes the meaning of code switching and code mixing or called mix – mix at her study. On her discussion of findings, she explains that mix – mix is a result of two languages in 7 contact Pilipino and English and defines that code mixing is changing word and phrase from one language into other languages while code switching is switching one sentence in a language into other languages. From this definition, we can see the difference between code switching and code mixing. However, this study will only limit on code switching on Uncle JC’s Happy Hour. Hoffman 1991: 110 defines almost similar to Marasigan that codes as the result of changing of languages. Moreover, Hoffman 1991: 117 observes that code switching occurs when the subject is quoting somebody else or being emphatic about something, meanwhile Juliana 2000 concludes that code switching is more likely occurred wrong bilinguals who speak the same language and it depends on the variety of aspects. Then recent research or code switching has viewed it as beneficial in forms of expression. In the Philippines, Marasigan 1979: 11 finds that code switching occurs when both groups of subjects preferred to use mix – mix to impart and seek factual information, males used mix – mix for the letter, males preferred to use mix – mix to express and find out moral attitudes, and the female subjects preferred to use mix – mix while the males preferred to use Pilipino to get things done. Furthermore, she finds that the female subjects switch code from English to Pilipino at the word level more frequently than the males. She adds the speaker and compares the language choice of her male and female subject in Metro Manila. The finding is that women frequently switched code from English to Pilipino than the males. This pride shows as the women aim using for more standard forms than men and this called as a social and status by Hughes 1992: 292. Before, Hoffman 1991: 113 convinces that when two youngsters speak two languages, they are able to control the amount of the code switching in the 8 word noun level. McClure 1977 agrees to this point and adds that children tend to use code – switching depending on their age, youngsters switch nouns, and adults do it over phrases and sentences and mix at word level. As the research has done by Marasigan 1979, she tries to relate the different levels of code switching with the sex of the speaker and compared the language choice of her male and female subject in Metro Manila. The finding is women frequently switched code from English to Pilipino than the males. This pride shows as the women aim using for more standard forms than men and this called as a social and status by Hughes 1992: 292. “In sociolinguistic much is made of the difference between female and male speech. Women are said and expected to be more polite, more correct, and aimed for more standard forms than men. This is generally linked to their role that involves paying attention to superficial aspects of behavior, their inferior status in society and the notion that it is the woman who has responsibility for transmitting the norms of speech to children. Basically, many linguists claim that the difference between male and female speech are the outcome of different social attitudes men and women have toward language as a social and status symbol” Hughes, 1992: 292. The expectation to women to be more polite than men is sometimes difficult to the women themselves since they were born to be emotional and perhaps can not control emotion producing impolite utterances. In another side, there are some men who are more polite than women since they have their feminine character. The environment also builds their tendency to say something nicely or not at all. For example, women who are living down the streets or fishing area will be different with women who stay home or work in banks. Streets and fishing area influence any body to be more rough and strict while home or bank builds soft character. Hughes 1992; 291 adds that linguists have discussed about the relationship between language and sex or gender. It has been decades that the women’s speech has 9 been judged so different to men’s according to their sex in using languages, for example less slang, less swearing, and so on. In other words, I can say women intense to use standard language, though the Uncle JC Happy Hour’s participants may prove that male and female prefer using codes as they find difficulties expressing opinion during their talk. As same as those opinions above, Bonvillain in Mills: 2002 notes that women are characterized using high frequency of honorific. But when men are rough or impolite they are permitted and forgiven. I assume that it seems not fair to judge man and woman policy in using language in that way, but that is the matter of fact that people keep it in mind like that. We could see the reality in the Uncle JC Happy Hour. Do men use many codes than women because of gender or topic? In fact, Uncle JC as male host DJ and Fanny as female host DJ often mixing and switching language. That means Fanny uses the codes less than JC but somehow as a woman she also tends to be more polite than man. Blom and Gumperz 1972 investigate a community in a village of Hemnesberget, where they speak both the standard language, Bokmal and the local dialect, Ranamal. They find that topic could only cause speakers to switch from standard or dialect, but speakers will never switch to the standard language even if the topic are on national or official matter with a gathering of friends. It means that gender is not only the one reason why standard language appears. In general, Marasigan discusses more both oral and written code switching functions among people belonging to various professional fields, while this study is only conversational one. 10 More about the pattern of code switching itself, some researchers have their own idea. Blom and Gumperz 1972 break down code switching into metaphorical or conversation code switching occurs at a higher frequency whenever two or more speakers who are bilingual in the same language communicate with each other. In other sides, Poplack 1981 defines that there are extra-sentential code – switching, intrasentential code switching and intersentential code switching. Hammink 2000 divides code switching into 4 types; 1. Borrowing It is used a word from another language which showed morphological phonological adaptation to the matrix language. Example: Va a imeilear a su vesino She is going to e-mail her neighbor 2. Calque It is a literal translation of an expression from another language Example: Le voy a llamar para tras I’m going to call him back 3. Intersentential It is switching at the sentence level which may serve to emphasize a point made in the other language signal a switch in the conversation, participants, indicate to whom the statement is addressed; or to provide a direct of vote from, or reference to, from another conversation. Example: Y luego me dijo “don’t worry about it” And then he told me “don’t worry about it” 4. Intrasentential It switches at the clause, phrase level or at word level if no morphological adaptation occurs. 11 Example: Abelardo tieme los movie tickets Alberaldo has the movie’s tickets From the explanation above, Hammink has a different point of few with Wardaugh 1972:102, who categories code switching as conversational code switching. It occurs when the speaker or hearer change languages according to the situation. In another side, Tanner claims 1981 that it occurs when a speaker may switch codes i.e. varieties within a single sentence, and may do so many times. Above all, Marasigan has the clear definition for code switching and code mixing. She defines mix is as a word definition of combine two or more language and switch means change, have different reasons and functions. I point that mix here means when there is already a word then is followed by another word in another language which actually has the same meaning, while switch means change when a subject wants to say something in the language but change it into another language to avoid any difficulty.

2.2 Code Switching Function