CODE SWITCHING IN UNCLE JC HAPPY HOUR IN 95, 65 FM JAKARTA THE PUBLIC INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION

IN 95, 65 FM JAKARTA:

THE PUBLIC INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Magister Pendidikan Degree of English Education

at Semarang State University

By

Gaganawati Dyah Panca Harsanti NIM 2201501024

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

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APPROVAL

This thesis has been approved by the supervisors to be examined by the board of examiners.

Semarang, 14th February, 2005

Supervisor I Supervisor II

Ahmad Sofwan, Ph.D Hartoyo, Ph.D

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THESIS APPROVAL

This thesis has been defended in a Thesis Examination of English Department of Post Graduate Program, Semarang State University (UNNES) on:

Day: Monday

Date: 8th August, 2005

The Examination Committee:

Chairman Secretary

Prof. Mursid Saleh, Ph.D Helena IRA, Ph.D

NIP. 130354512 NIP. 130812911

First Examiner I Second Examiner

(second supervisor)

Jan Mujiyanto, M.Hum Hartoyo, Ph.D

NIP. 131281221 NIP. 131876216

Third Examiner (First supervisor)

Ahmad Sofwan, Ph.D NIP. 131813664

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Semarang, 8th August 2005

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MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

“I learn from suffers and it is marvelous to see what I have done with lots of people. Feeling ‘Energy’ in me, I get my all. Thanks god”

Gana Stegmann

DEDICATION

Michael, Kelvin and ‘my Angel’, Pancawijayan and Stegmann’s family

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The first and foremost, I would like to thank to Allah, the Almighty for His blessing so that that I have finished my study. It was a long and exhausted time to reach my goal for the Magister Pendidikan degree. However, “I did it my way”.

My greatest gratitude to all lecturers of the English Department of the Post Graduate Program of Semarang State University, especially Ahmad Sofwan, Ph.D and Hartoyo, Ph.D as my second advisor who have encouraged and guided me patiently.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the examination committee; Prof. Mursid Saleh, Ph.D, Helena IRA, Ph.D and Jan Mujiyanto, M.Hum, for their encouraging comments, useful suggestion and criticism.

The warmest appreciation for those who were with me during the research as well as my mother Dwi Suharsini, S.Pd, father Dr. Drs. RM. Setyadji Pantjawidjaja, friends, fans, students and people who supported and motivated me.

In particular, to my lovely husband Bernd Michael Stegmann, Kelvin Stegmann, Helga Stegmann and Werner Stegmann, thanks for being with me and giving support to finish the last revision and provide the life book “Fujitsu”, which made me able to work mobile.

Special thanks are due to Mbak Rensi, Ernes and all my friends at PPS (Engllish Education of Post Graduate Program), who have given me support, information and knowledge to finish my work.

I owe to Smart FM, which has permitted and hired me as a part timer while I studied at UNNES thus I can reach my goal easier. Therefore, thanks also for the months off period approved by Mas Odang GM PT. Jelajah Ozon, Mas Dewa BL,

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Didin PSP and all Smart FM Semarang Crew. Now and forever, we are “the spirit or Indonesia, let’s share the pride, knowledge, wisdom and news”.

Last but not least, to PPS and UNNES’ libraries and librarian, I could not make it without your collection and information. Keep up your good work for the brand new day of UNNES generation.

Despite much time, fund and energy that I have spent for finishing this thesis, further studies and analysis in the similar topic are necessary to be conducted.

Semarang, 8th August 2005

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ABSTRACT

Harsanti, Gaganawati DPH. 2005. The Code Switching in Uncle JC Happy Hour in

95,65 Smart FM Jakarta, the Public Interactive Communication. Thesis. English

Education, Languages and Arts. Post Graduate Program of Semarang State University (UNNES). Supervisors: I. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph.D., II. Hartoyo, Ph.D Key words: Code switching, Public Interactive Communication, Descriptive analysis

Uncle JC Happy Hour is an English program on Smart FM Jakarta every Saturday and Sunday evening. The callers are local people and foreigners who stay in Indonesia. They often use code – switching during the interactive talk. There was also a different environment with 2 various host DJs and an operator with joy and laughter as their trademark.

Marasigan (1983: 54-119) seeks answers of variety of code switching and code mixing in Metropolitan Manila. She points that code switching and code mixing is serving particular communicative ends and there is a hope that the assimilation of English and Pilipino will become more effective communication. Her finding is that there are 7 conversational and written functions which are influenced by many factors such as participants, setting, etc. In this study, an American called JC, who has been living in Jakarta for few years and other participants at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour program switch English into some languages. Even with mistakes but the messages were received well.

This thesis is aimed at investigating code switching in the radio interactive English program of Smart FM by focusing on 2 main issues: (1) What conversational function of code switching did occur in Uncle JC? (2) What factors accounted for the code switching on the Uncle JC’s Happy Hour.

This is a descriptive qualitative research from the conversation among hosts, operator and listeners as callers, which are taped from Jakarta and played in Semarang and other cities in April 2003. The data are recorded, transcribed, identified, categorized and reduced. I use label for transcript according to turn number and speakers. Finally, the classification falls into 6 conversational functions (quotation, interjection, repetition, message quality, personalization and objectifization, and facility of expression), while factors such as participants, topics, setting, attitudes, values and culture, and personal emotions accounted for switching code at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour. The result of the analysis also shows that 10 languages are used by hosts and callers in switching codes; Bahasa Indonesia, Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, Tagalog, Latin, Bataknese, Javanese, French and German.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ………... ii

MOTTO AND DECICATION ……… v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….…... vi

ABSTRACT ………... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..….. ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ………. xi

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .………...…… 1

1.1 Background of the Study ……..……….…..………. 1

1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ………... 2

1.3 Statement of the Problems ………...………..……… 3

1.4 Objective of the Study ………...………... 3

1.5 Significance of the Study ………...……… 4

1.6 Outline of the Study ……….. 4

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………... 6

2.1 Code switching ………...………..………...… 6

2.2 Code switching functions ………...……...….……… 11

2.3 Factors account on code switching ………...……... 21

III. RESEARCH METHOD ………..…………..……… 29

3.1 Research Design ………...………. 29

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3.3 Procedure of Data Collection ……….….. 31

3.3.1 Recording ..………. …………..……….. 31

3.3.2 Transcribing the data ………...……… 31

3.3.3 Identifying ……… 32

3.3.4 Categorizing ………. 32

3.3.5 Reducing ……….………..…… 33

3.4 Method of Data Analysis ……….………….…..……..…………..…... 33

IV. ANALYSIS ……….……….…….. 35

4.1 Results ………..……….………..….. 35

4.2 Discussion on Findings ……….. 37

V. CONCLUSION ……….………..……….….……. 92

5.1 Conclusion ………….……….…... 92

5.2 Suggestion ………... 93

REFERENCES ..……..……….………... 95

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 5th April, 2005 …………....……... 98

2. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 6th April, 2005 …………..……… 124

3. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 12th April, 2005 ………...… 162

4. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 13th April, 2005 …..………. 193

5. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 19th April 2005 …...………. 236

6. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 20th April 2005 …………...…………. 278

7. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 26th April 2005 ……...…………..…... 322

8. Transcript of Uncle JC Happy Hour at 27th April 2005 ………...………..…... 367

9. More Information about JC and Fanny, the DJs ………..……. 408

10. Tabel 1 (The Conversational Functions at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour) ………… 414

11. Tabel 2 ( A Comparison of the number of code switching languages; Those occur in Uncle JC’s Happy Hour) ...………..…………. 417

12. Table 3 (The list of Uncle JC’s Happy Hour Participants) ……… 420

13. Aserehe (song’s translation) ………..………….…... 423

14. CV of the researcher ………..…... 424

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1.1 Background of the Study

The study of language in its social context covers the social relationships within a particular community, thus we can approach to the situation and use of language. Marasigan (1983; 54-119) seeks answers of a variety of code switching and code mixing in metropolitan Manila. She investigates the complexity of Tagalog, Spanish and English which are commonly used all over Metro Manila area. The situation of Spanish occupation, then English, and follows by Pilipino promotion influence its language situation. In her study, she tries to identify the socio-cultural and individual factors; to establish when and to what extent they switch codes; and to interpret the social meaning of this switching; then to discover sufficient bases for considering mix-mix as either a pidgin or a Creole or both. Mix – mix-mix, the resulting language of code switching is spoken in the capital city of Philippines on school campuses, in classy shopping areas, offices, homes, etc when people have informal meeting, party and other social gatherings. She points that code switching and code mixing are serving particular communicative ends and there is a hope that the assimilation of English and Pilipino will become more effective communication.

Grosjean (1985) states a fully competent speaker develops a communicative competence which may use one code or more or two together in the form of mixed speech. Grosjean adds that a speaker and a hearer need to communicate each other. For successful communication, there are some components should be filled: setting and scene, participants, ends, purpose and goal, act sequences, key tone or spirit of act,

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instruments, norms of interaction and interpretation, and genres form and variety of language. Those components will influence the product of language. For instance when participants have different level of English, it might cause the mix and switch of language in order to send messages continuously. In another example is when a speaker and a hearer have a purpose to make jokes by using codes during informal conversation.

People rarely use one language in a community. When people use one code, it becomes interaction each other so when they speak to each other, then at least they speak more than one language. Whether they use one switch, add taken for other languages. Terms added are called as code switching.

Meanwhile, Lumintantang (2002) points out that code switching occurs in Indonesia as multilingual society, therefore, Indonesian tend to switch at least from national language to local language. Moreover, Bahasa Indonesia as the national and state language made the bilingual is existed. This sociolinguistic phenomena cause the use of code – switching because generally, Indonesian speak their local language and Bahasa Indonesia and the assimilation from English, so that’s they are called multilingual.

1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic

Communication in the radio is very effective. The means of communication in the radio gives people with different place, status, culture, nationality, etc a chance to communicate each other. Because of their interaction, people tend to use switch one code to another code.

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Any number of codes switching from different languages is used in a radio program; Uncle JC Happy Hour is one program in Smart FM Jakarta. This program hosted by Fanny Belnis, Manadonese and John Christoper Falch, an American. It was broadcasted in 6 cities in Indonesia; Jakarta, Manado, Makasar, Balikpapan, Palembang, Semarang and Surabaya till 2004. This is not any longer existed.

During the program, listeners could ring to discuss some issues of program. They often use code – switching during the interactive talk though code mixing also occurs. Compare with other radio English programs, there is a different environment with operator, two host DJs and guests, with local and expatriate as callers. The announcers and some callers often switch English into other languages as the result of the change of situation and topic, where sometimes the announcers mean to have jokes or when callers can not find the proper words or sentence thus there was no limit for mixing and switching other languages. JC has a good trick in order to make them not to be afraid with mistakes or shy to speak in English on air though they lack of knowledge and skill thus code switching occurs into another language. The image of the call sign “Uncle JC Happy Hour” also makes sense since Uncle JC most of times make Fanny and some callers laugh about what he says and are happy. We can also find the special effects to convince listeners’ imagination, funny songs and short parody to make listeners practice English with a lot of fun. Those are points which keep listeners to stay tune.

1.3 Statement of the Problems

This study will answer the following questions:

(1) What conversational function of code switching did occur in Uncle JC? (2) What factors accounted for the code switching?

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1.4 Objective of the Study

This study is aimed:

(1) to describe the conversational function of code switching occurred at Uncle JC’s;

(2) to describe the different factors that accounted for the code switching use on Uncle JC’s Happy Hour

1.5 Significance of the Study

The benefit of the study are:

(1) Through the study, readers know the conversational functions, factors and languages used for code switching at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour.

(2) Seeing the result of this study, readers are encouraged to improve more than one language in globalization era.

(3) Other researchers who are motivated to study about code switching at conversation can take a look the simple example at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour for better finding.

1.6 Outline of the Study

This thesis divides into 5 chapters. In the introduction, a general outline of what is hoped to be achieved in conducting the research is given along with reasons for choosing the topic, statement of the problems, object of the study, significance of the study and outline of the study. The second chapter contains some theoretical assumption of effective and efficient reading lead to the topics; what code switching is,

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patterns of code switching, the functions and factors account on code switching. Research of method will be discussed at chapter three, where there are description of the research design, object of the study, procedure of data collection and method of data analysis. The finding of the discussion will be found in chapter four, where it discovers what conversational function occurred and factors causing code switching on Uncle JC Happy Hour. Finally, chapter five will talk about conclusion and suggestion tothestudy.

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2.1 Code Switching

There are researchers who have done some researches relate to language in societies. As we know, that the study of language in its social context covers the social relationships within particular community, thus we can approach to the situation and use of language. In this study, I will follow Marasigan and compare with other researchers.

Marasigan (1983: 7) cites that “code switching or code choice in this particular study refers to the use of two languages (Pilipino and English) in the same sentence or discourse”. Pilipino as the national language of Filipino with various dialects is influenced by the English of American missionaries when they took over this country from Spain at the century. English itself is taken as a better language for their progress time after time. We could see it since they took it as the language of instruction in the schools. Everywhere we meet educated people we will be able to speak in English even with different accent is like in Uncle JC’s Happy Hour community. This phenomenon will show how various languages grow and spread all over the country and enrich the development of the language.

Marasigan (1979: 7) writes that the studies done on code switching in the Philippines are in linguistic and sociolinguistic. It has been started since 1967, when there is switching called mix – mix of Tagalog – English. She distinguishes the meaning of code switching and code mixing or called mix – mix at her study. On her discussion of findings, she explains that mix – mix is a result of two languages in

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contact (Pilipino and English) and defines that code mixing is changing word and phrase from one language into other languages while code switching is switching one sentence in a language into other languages. From this definition, we can see the difference between code switching and code mixing. However, this study will only limit on code switching on Uncle JC’s Happy Hour.

Hoffman (1991: 110) defines almost similar to Marasigan that codes as the result of changing of languages. Moreover, Hoffman (1991: 117) observes that code switching occurs when the subject is quoting somebody else or being emphatic about something, meanwhile Juliana (2000) concludes that code switching is more likely occurred wrong bilinguals who speak the same language and it depends on the variety of aspects. Then recent research or code switching has viewed it as beneficial in forms of expression.

In the Philippines, Marasigan (1979: 11) finds that code switching occurs when both groups of subjects preferred to use mix – mix to impart and seek factual information, males used mix – mix for the letter, males preferred to use mix – mix to express and find out moral attitudes, and the female subjects preferred to use mix – mix while the males preferred to use Pilipino to get things done. Furthermore, she finds that the female subjects switch code from English to Pilipino at the word level more frequently than the males. She adds the speaker and compares the language choice of her male and female subject in Metro Manila. The finding is that women frequently switched code from English to Pilipino than the males. This pride shows as the women aim using for more standard forms than men and this called as a social and status by Hughes (1992: 292). Before, Hoffman (1991: 113) convinces that when two youngsters speak two languages, they are able to control the amount of the code switching in the

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word (noun) level. McClure (1977) agrees to this point and adds that children tend to use code – switching depending on their age, youngsters switch nouns, and adults do it over phrases and sentences and mix at word level.

As the research has done by Marasigan (1979), she tries to relate the different levels of code switching with the sex of the speaker and compared the language choice of her male and female subject in Metro Manila. The finding is women frequently switched code from English to Pilipino than the males. This pride shows as the women aim using for more standard forms than men and this called as a social and status by Hughes (1992: 292).

“In sociolinguistic much is made of the difference between female and male speech. Women are said (and expected) to be more polite, more correct, and aimed for more standard forms than men. This is generally linked to their role that involves paying attention to superficial aspects of behavior, their inferior status in society and the notion that it is the woman who has responsibility for transmitting the norms of speech to children. Basically, many linguists claim that the difference between male and female speech are the outcome of different social attitudes men and women have toward language as a social and status symbol” (Hughes, 1992: 292).

The expectation to women to be more polite than men is sometimes difficult to the women themselves since they were born to be emotional and perhaps can not control emotion producing impolite utterances. In another side, there are some men who are more polite than women since they have their feminine character. The environment also builds their tendency to say something nicely or not at all. For example, women who are living down the streets or fishing area will be different with women who stay home or work in banks. Streets and fishing area influence any body to be more rough and strict while home or bank builds soft character.

Hughes (1992; 291) adds that linguists have discussed about the relationship between language and sex or gender. It has been decades that the women’s speech has

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been judged so different to men’s according to their sex in using languages, for example less slang, less swearing, and so on. In other words, I can say women intense to use standard language, though the Uncle JC Happy Hour’s participants may prove that male and female prefer using codes as they find difficulties expressing opinion during their talk.

As same as those opinions above, Bonvillain (in Mills: 2002) notes that women are characterized using high frequency of honorific. But when men are rough or impolite they are permitted and forgiven. I assume that it seems not fair to judge man and woman policy in using language in that way, but that is the matter of fact that people keep it in mind like that. We could see the reality in the Uncle JC Happy Hour. Do men use many codes than women because of gender or topic? In fact, Uncle JC as male host DJ and Fanny as female host DJ often mixing and switching language. That means Fanny uses the codes less than JC but somehow as a woman she also tends to be more polite than man.

Blom and Gumperz (1972) investigate a community in a village of Hemnesberget, where they speak both the standard language, Bokmal and the local dialect, Ranamal. They find that topic could only cause speakers to switch from standard or dialect, but speakers will never switch to the standard language even if the topic are on national or official matter with a gathering of friends. It means that gender is not only the one reason why standard language appears.

In general, Marasigan discusses more both oral and written code switching functions among people belonging to various professional fields, while this study is only conversational one.

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More about the pattern of code switching itself, some researchers have their own idea. Blom and Gumperz (1972) break down code switching into metaphorical or conversation code switching occurs at a higher frequency whenever two or more speakers who are bilingual in the same language communicate with each other. In other sides, Poplack (1981) defines that there are extra-sentential code – switching, intrasentential code switching and intersentential code switching.

Hammink (2000) divides code switching into 4 types; 1. Borrowing

It is used a word from another language which showed morphological/ phonological adaptation to the matrix language.

Example: Va a imeilear a su vesino

(She is going to e-mail her neighbor) 2. Calque

It is a literal translation of an expression from another language Example: Le voy a llamar para tras

I’m going to call him back 3. Intersentential

It is switching at the sentence level which may serve to emphasize a point made in the other language signal a switch in the conversation, participants, indicate to whom the statement is addressed; or to provide a direct of vote from, or reference to, from another conversation.

Example: Y luego me dijo “don’t worry about it” (And then he told me “don’t worry about it”) 4. Intrasentential

It switches at the clause, phrase level or at word level if no morphological adaptation occurs.

11 Example: Abelardo tieme los movie tickets

(Alberaldo has the movie’s tickets)

From the explanation above, Hammink has a different point of few with Wardaugh (1972:102), who categories code switching as conversational code switching. It occurs when the speaker or hearer change languages according to the situation. In another side, Tanner claims (1981) that it occurs when a speaker may switch codes (i.e. varieties) within a single sentence, and may do so many times.

Above all, Marasigan has the clear definition for code switching and code mixing. She defines mix is as a word definition of combine two or more language and switch means change, have different reasons and functions. I point that mix here means when there is already a word then is followed by another word in another language which actually has the same meaning, while switch means change when a subject wants to say something in the language but change it into another language to avoid any difficulty.

2.2 Code Switching Function

Marasigan (1983: 120) cites that “the function of code switching illustrated by the subjects are quotation, interjection, repetition, addressee specification, message qualification, personalization and objectification and facility of expression and some factors are appeared (participants’ role relationships, topics, setting, intention and effect, attitudes, values, presence of the addressee, and personal emotions)”. From her summary of findings, she lets readers understand various language functions through description she has, even though only based on the forty – four randomly selected oral and written discourse which produced by the subjects selected in the same manner.

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In her study, Marasigan (1983: 73 - 97) categorizes code switching functions into 7 points;

1. Quotation

This is functioned to quote themselves or others directly, indirectly or simply to quote slogan or maxim. Marasigan (1983: 73) takes example 9 as quoted in example 1;

(1) B: …Pagkatapos ay kinukwestyon ko sila (then I was questioning them), “All right, there was a quorum last July, but will you show the … records of the election return?”

A group of teachers were discussing the result of a departmental election in school. The speaker who obviously questioned its result was very local to know in detail about it. There is a fact in our community that some people may believe what they see not only what they listen. There will be no wonder to know how he told his co-teachers how he expressed his doubts to the people concerned. From the example, we can say it could have restated the quotations in Pilipino but they did not. Perhaps they felt that the message, which was originally said in English, would not have the same impact on the addressees if they had been translated to Pilipino.

In this part, speaker quotes herself directly “I told you before” convincing the addressee that what she was telling before was right. Second, to send message the addressee as the guest will be coming soon in the show. Third, speakers have a certain talent and quoted her directly to convince it to the addressee. Fourth, the speaker gave some explanations about her and proved that what she was telling to the addressee was right. Fifth, to preserve the originality of the message thus the speaker kept saying in English.

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2. Addressee Specification

It serves to direct message to several possible addresses or specific person. Speaker is trying to speak to the addressee as look as if they were there with her/him. Share his/her idea with addressee. Marasigan (1983: 76) gives example 15 as quoted in example 2;

(2) C: Hindi ko rin papayagan yan (neither will I let him go). Hindi naman

nag-aaral eh (He does not study his lessons). No! I’m not allowing you to

go out! Kahit saan ka pumunta (even if you seek the help of other people in school).

A teacher heard that one of her pupils was asking permission from one of her co-teachers to leave the room to be able to practice football for the coming intramurals. The speaker used Pilipino when she told her co – teacher that she would not let her pupil leave the classroom during her teaching period by the sentence “No! I’m not allowing you to go out!” It means that she switched to English when she actually told the boy that he could not go. Later, she switched back to Pilipino to murmur a threat “Kahit saan ka pumunta” which is translated into “even if you seek the help of other people in school”.

In addition, Marasigan who also analyze the written code switching finds that the subject, a gossip columnist used some English word for general reader and mix – mix for particular reader.

3. Repetition

This is to repeat a message in the other code, either literally or in somewhat modified form. Repetition clarifies what is said, amplify or emphasize a message or mark a joke. Gumperz calls as reiteration and Marasigan (1983: 79) describes it as example 18 as quoted in example 3;

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(3) A felt uncomfortable in the car because of the position of B’s legs. A : Ate Christy, you stretch your legs

B : Ano (what)?

C: Darling, magtagalog ka (Darling, speak Tagalog). Ate Christy does not understand English.

A : Ah! Ate Christy, i-stretch mo ang legs mo.

C : (laughing) Sabi ko (I said), “You speak in Tagalog”. Tagalog ba yan (Is that Tagalog)?

A: Oo, sabi ko naman i-stretch nya ang legs nya, ah (Yes, I told her to stretch her legs).

A and C practically quoted themselves, which could be repetition and quotation but Marasigan considered it as repetition than quotation because the span of time between the original and the repeated message was very short. C repeats what she says to A in English “You speak in Tagalog?” with Pilipino “Tagalog ba yan”which means “Is that Tagalog?” Her intention is making her message more to be heard rather than to be understood as she assumes B could understand English.

4. Interjection

It marks an interjection, sentence filler, express strong feelings or emotions. She finds that subjects switched to Pilipino when they could not express it in English then they uttered interjections. Here is the example 22 from Marasigan (1983:82) as quoted in example 4;

(4) A: Very bad! Akin yan (that’s mine) B: Hep, hep sa aming dalawa (That’s ours)

A: Ay, nag – bell (Hey, the bell is ringing for our next class)!

A and B are having lunch. Suddenly, A noticed that C ate her desert, banana. This example indicated that most students learnt common English interjections “very bad” for disapproval and “very good” for approval as these used by teachers assessment at class. Moreover, A reacts in Pilipino as the choice and English seems not fit at all for expressing candid feelings that the bell is ringing for their next class.

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5. Message qualification

It qualifies construction as clauses, sentences and phrases (verb and noun complements) or as predicate following a copula. Marasigan finds that subjects switched Pilipino to English to express the time concept. Here is her example 23 as quoted in example 5;

(5)A: Nandito ako (I was here)

B: Wala ka ditto (you were not here)

A: Nandito ako (I was here). Friday? Nandito ako (I was here)

C: Not this Friday. Before All Saints’ day. Yun ang usapan (that’s the appointment day).

Marasigan (1983: 83-84) finds when two teachers A and C had a plan to meet at school but they did not meet each other. From this situation, both claimed that they came. This must be the reason of the fact that Filipinos do not conceive time as something specific or exact. As Filipinos have developed they usually use English to refer precise timing which is a sense of Western. After all, this category served mainly to qualify a previous message which speaker believed would be better understood in the other code.

6. Personalization vs objectivization

Marasigan defines this to avoid the difficulty to specify in purely descriptive terms. While Grossjean (1982: 150) claims that the function of interaction is when the speakers cannot find an appropriate word or expression or where the language being used does not have the items or appropriate translations for the vocabulary needs. When a person uses code switching s/he will get fun, greet, apologize, correct, change information and so on. Marasigan (1983: 87) at example 29 as quoted in example 6 describes;

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(6) A: Kelan ba magda-dry-run (when shall we the dry run for recitation of the Holy Rosary?)

B: Tomorrow

C: May schedule ka (Do you have the schedule)?

B: Homeroom period. A: Homeroom?

B: Kasi pag naibang time fifty boys ang mawawala sa grade three (if we

change the schedule, fifty boys in grade three will have to leave their classes)

A: Ahh … Okay

As it was written above, Marasigan (1983: 87) figures the situation where there are 2 teachers. B is the superior to A. Teacher B answered A’s question in English in order to maintain her distance. B switched to mix – mix to bridge the short gap and distance which finally made her sound more personal and convincing with her reason. As she expected, A was convinced and was willing to join the dry - run. In some cases, subjects switch Pilipino to English for objective fact or casual one and switch English to Pilipino for personal opinion or emotional involvement. The personal expressions can be opinions, deductions, conclusions which also tell how high the Filipino’s sense of personal dignity is.

7. Facility of Expression

This function shows that the subject get difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking or writing which also signs that s/he is lack of familiarity with the style s/he is using. Marasigan (1983: 93) at example 36 as quoted in example 7 explains;

“Marami akong natutuhan sa kanya ( I learned many things from her). Para

sang sina Charito at Lolita kapag nag emote na sa kamera (she emotes her role in the same way as Charito and Lolita). Hindi magalaw ang katawan (She hardly moves her body). Pero nandoon sa mukha ang registration ng bigat ng feeling ng kanyang kina – characterize na role (but the strong feeling in the role she is characterizing is registered on her face)”.

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The speaker was a movie star and she is talking about movies. The occurrence of English terms is not unexpected and ordinarily used by movie community in order to feel convenient to convey their messages. She assumes the readers are movie enthusiasts and understood the meaning. Marasigan (1983: 94) says it may be argued that this is the simple example of borrowing and not code switching since they involve only the introduction of single English words and phrases into Pilipino passages.

Some students analyze the conversational and written functions of code switching occur in some area in Indonesia. Prastiti (2002: vi) writes about “The Function of Indonesian – English Code Switching: The Case Study of Speech delivered by Rasdi Ekosiswoyo” and found that there are 160 instances of code switching which had been analyzed and classified based on the function of code switching. There are 9 quotations, no addressee specification, no interjection, 47 reiterations, 6 message qualifications, 26 personalizations, 111 facility of expressions and 1 deixis. Some code switching served more than one functions and there is not any addressee specification nor interaction since it was a single conversation in spoken language. She finds that Rasdi utters 160 code switching for different functions. Facility of expression is the biggest number of function he uses. It means he wants to express his speech more by switching.

Hermawati (2001: iv –v) adds that the function and content words used by listeners of The Sunday Morning Café on RCTFM Semarang. She claims that among whole population of the research, which is 30% of 100 listeners at an interactive program called “I”, is most frequently used by the listeners. This word has been used 239 times by 30 subjects being analyzed. Second is a relation between the collected word data with those in Birmingham corpus that word ‘a’ is in the fifth position and

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use in the order rank of words make by the writer and the order rank of words in the Birmingham corpus. She finds that the function to use “I” many times is addressing the speaker.

Maryatun (2002:vi) finds that on MTV Most Wanted led by Sarah Sechan, there are 118 instances, which was analyzed into 138 expressions. Those functions distributed into 8 quotation, 1 addressee specification, 12 interjection, 9 reiteration, 31 message qualification, 21 personalization and objectization, 47 facility of expression and 9 deixis. She analyses that the biggest function to switch code is for message qualification means that the subject means to stress the message since there will be no other words to replace what they mean. There will be misunderstanding when they don’t use the switching.

Laely (2002) states that on Kartowijaya’s Impian Amerika, there are 325 items in the 270 instances of code switching which are analyzed into some functions; 37 quotations, 14 addressee specifications, 8 interjections, 22 reiterations, 53 message qualifications, 18 personalizations, 153 facility of expressions and 20 deixis. She says that one instance of code switching is often not only a single function but integrated one another.

Wahyuni (2002: vi) mentions on Kuntowijaya’s, there are 325 items in 270 instances of code switching. The functions are 153 facility of expressions, 53 message qualifications, 57 quotations, 22 reiterations, 20 deixis, 18 personalization and objectification, 14 addresses, and 8 interjections.

In another case, Ujanti (2002: viii) reports that there are 479 functions in the 300 sentences of code switching which are found in columns and have been analyzed and classified based on that set of categories. All of those switches at the study of

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“Madhep Ngalor Sugih Madhep Ngidul Sugih: Mangan Ora Mangan Kumpul 3 By

Umar Kayam” are intended for those functions and it can be observed that in most

cases, one of code switching may serve for more than one function. The proportion of those functions is not the same. There are 23 functions of quotations, 12 of addressee spesification, 6 of interjections, 103 of reiteration, 84 of message qualifications, 53 of personalization and objectivization, 182 of facility of expression, and 16 deixis. She claims that most Indonesian societies are bilingual or multilingual. Indonesians master 2 or more languages than their own mother tongue like Indonesian as the national lingua franca and English as the first foreign language taught at schools. The Indonesian – English code switching has become part of the informal Indonesian speech. Long time ago since the Dutch colonialism in Indonesia, we also have found code switching use by common people. For example: persekot, jogjig, molen, leker, ye, ik, stanplat, and so on.

To sum up, compare to Marasigan who finds 7 functions at the conversational and written code switching in Metro Manila, Prastiti finds 6 kinds of conversational functions, Hermawati finds only one conversational function, Maryatun finds 8 conversational functions, Laely finds 8 written functions, Wahyuni finds 8 written functions, and Ujanti finds 8 written functions. In average, they are agree with Marasigan’s finding.

Grosjean (1982: 150) in addition mentions the function of code switching; (1). Speaker prefers to use the most available word than to find similar expression in proper language.

(2). Speaker will keep using the new code since it will trigger him thus the continuation of sentence may stay in the new code.

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(3). Speaker has something to emphasize by mentioning certain words into certain intonation and showing facial expression.

(4). Speaker quotes someone’s saying.

(5). Speaker marks and shows his group identity. In some cases in Indonesian radio stations, their slogans are in Indonesian or Javanese that makes listeners recognized it. (6). Speaker has a sense of humor.

(7). Speaker excludes someone, or when a third person enters the room, or if the location of the interaction changes.

(8). Speaker wants to show to audience that he is able to use or speak in other languages.

From the reasons mentioned above, he finds that each code switching has its own function. For example when a speaker quotes someone’s saying then there will be a quotation function.

After all, Ferguson (2002: 1) adds the example of special functions are instruction to servants, family conversation, folk literature, political cartoon caption, speech in parliament, news broadcast, personal letter and so on.

Furthermore, other different studies have done to develop more than code switching functions. Sugestiningrum (2002: 25) notes that the total number of code switching on GAMA fans program is 116, which 104 are English externals and 12 code switching into regional languages (internal ones). Those code switching are 52 (50%) for filling a linguistic need for lexical item and to rise status and show expertise, 2 (1,92%) for continuing the last language used/triggering, 13 (12,50%) to emphasize message, 17 (16,35%) quoting certain source, 10 (9,62%) marking and emphasizing

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group identity, 10 (9,62%) showing a sense of humor, anger or other feelings, 0 (0%) excluding the third person.

Lestari (2002) pursues that there are code switching found at Gayeng

Semarangan in Suara Merdeka in 2000. The writers are Prie GS, Prof. Eko Budiharjo

and Prof. Abu Su’ud. She convinces us with her research that there are code switching from Indonesian to Javanese and other foreign languages. Those examples are in Arabic (Tabik, Assalamu’alaikum, Wassalamu’alaikum, etc), Javanese (Kepareng, kulonuwun, etc), and English (law enforcement, people power, etc). Each writer has his own characteristic in using code switching. Lestari (2002) summarizes that code switching goals at Gayeng Semarangan by Prof. Eko Budiharjo, Prie GS. Etc are as follow:

1. Convince the listener 2. Minimize social distance 3. Make it easier to be understood

4. Replace the absence of Indonesian terms on idioms

5. Avoid it from misinterpreting by quoting the original words or sentences 6. They live in Indonesia (to realize the current affairs).

(Lestari, 2002)

She finds and proves the code – switching and code – mixing occur at Gayeng Semarangan after doing observation and discourse analysis. From her findings, we see 6 purposes to switch codes are done by 3 different writers.

2.3 Factors that Account on Code Switching

Marasigan (1983: 120) summaries that code switching factors such as participants role – relationships, topics, setting, intention and effect, attitudes, values, presence of the addressee, and personal emotions are appeared. She finds there are

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many reasons why code switching occurs. First, speaker may not be able to express him or herself in one language and switch to the other languages to compensate for the deficiency. Second, speaker wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group, or excludes others. The third, speaker whishes to convey his/her attitude to the listener by creating a special effect and fourth is many result from interference of one language upon the language. Those reasons show how important to initiate the code switching automatically.

Myers – Scotton, Carol (1979) say that the main reasons for code switching are as follows;

(1). Lack of knowledge of one language or lack of facility in the language on a certain subject.

(2). Exclude certain persons present from a portion of conversation when they do not know the language used for switching.

(3). Indicate a change or to signal the introduction of a subject more or less formal. (4). Impress another with his virtuosity in one or several languages.

From explanation above, the reasons figure how far the language ability in the society is, whether they are low level with the lack of knowledge or high for other impressions.

Suwito (1983: 70) asserts that factors of code switching are speaker, interlocutor, and the presence of third person, the will to raise a sense of humor or emotion and for having prestige. I comment that for the last point probably often happens in Javanese community. When speaking in Bahasa Indonesia, they often to switch some Javanese terms during the conversation. In another view, it is occurred in

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companies exist in big cities. Some people feel comfort to switch Bahasa Indonesia into English to show their prestige. The more codes they use the higher level they are.

Code switching also occurs depending on the topic of discourse. In some cases of code switching it may be possible to decide that the basic grammar belongs to one code (say English) and the switches are simply lexical substitution from another code (Guugu Yimidhiir: 2002: 4)

“In some cases of apparent switching/mixing it may be impossible to decide that an utterance is based in one or the other code. In such cases a new code is born with its rules of grammar and with its own special functional load. The code may have special functions as a badge of identity for a group of speakers. An example is often given on North American ‘Tex Mex’, a code used by Spanish/English bilinguals.” (Guugu Yimidhiir: 2002: 4)

Guugu gives an example of the code used by Spanish/English bilingual in North America. Juliana (2000) classifies bilingual types into four levels. First is passive bilingual, where a native speaker in one language and capable of understanding but not speaking another language. Second is dominant bilingual, when one is being more proficient in two of the two languages. Third is balanced bilingual, when there is an equally proficient in languages, but will not necessarily for a native speaker in both languages. Fourth is equilingual, when one can pass a native speaker in any given situation. I assume Gugu research is meant to balanced bilingual where speakers are able to speak Spanish and English equally.

Suwito (1995) views that there are 4 factors influenced switch codes i.e; the language skill of speaker, the language skill of hearer and humor to avoid boring time. Meanwhile, he finds that there are internal code switching (Indonesia – Krama, and Krama – Ngoko) and external code switching (Arabic and English). As we know that Javanese has levels of language. Kromo is highly used to respect people while Ngoko

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is for communicating with people at same level. As most of Indonesian are Moslem, the use of Arabic also influence the language in the society then English as the only foreign formal language which is used by people contribute a lot to the variety of language.

Sugestiningrum (2002: 36) finds that factors causing code switching spoken by announcers of Gajahmada 102,6 FM in GAMA fans program are participants, topic, informal setting and functions of interaction that tend to influence announcers to switch the codes, such as to the sense of humor. She suggests other researchers who are very interested to code switching study in radio broadcasting can use her analysis as an alternative resource in general where they can get benefits in it.

Hilimiyati (2000) says that there are factors that contribute the code switching of the 6th Semester Students of English Department UNNES in the academic year 1998/1999. First is proficiency related when the speaker cannot express herself adequately in one language and switches to the other to cover up deficiency. Second, socio – psychologically motivated the switch between the 2 languages signals the speaker’s attitude towards the listeners and third, metalinguistic comments to direct use of language switching by incorporating an element in Bahasa Indonesia into the utterance in English.

While Hasthawati (2001: 52) says that there are some reasons of code switching among Indonesian and English speakers are;

1. To adjust to the country where one stays

2. To impress other speakers with his virtuosity in several languages

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Therefore, she notes that code switching exist whenever there is a meeting of speakers who do not share the same level of language to communicate. I conclude that Suwito, Sugestiningrum, Hilmiyati and Hasthawati find various reasons from their different researches. The common reason is that participants really influence the code switching appearance among the conversation.

Besides, Holmes (1992: 41) adds that solidarity and status are the factors of code switching. He confirms that switch code occurs when a new person comes as shown in example 7;

Example 7:

(The Maori is in Italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN BIG CAPITALS) Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere

John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.

Sarah : You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Kei te pehea koe? (HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU?)

Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet? (HELLO MY FRIEND I’M FINE). (Holmes, 1992: 41).

Holmes comments that code switches are often very short for social reasons. It will be easier to recognize the signal the speaker’s ethnic and solidarity with the addressee.

Example 8:

Tamati : Engari (SO) now we turn to more important matters (switch between Maori and English)

A. Ming : Confiscated by Customs, da gai (PROBABLY) (switch between English and Chinese).

B. A : Well, I’m glad I met you, OK?

M : andale pues (OK SWELL), and do come again. Mm? (switch between Spanish and English). (Holmes, 1992: 41 – 42).

Based on the example, Holmes (1992:42) calls it as emblematic switching or tag switching. It means that the interjection, a tag or a sentence serve an ethnic identity

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marker. From A, we know that the ethnic is Maori. We recognize Chinese ethnic at B and Spanish ethnic at C.

Indonesian youngsters are also often using code switching from English into Indonesian because of the status and westernization impression, as Gibbons (1983) who studies language attitudes and code switching in Hongkong between Cantonese and English says. Chinese speakers used English one another they give a status and westernization status. In other side, there will be an impression of Chinese humility and solidarity when they use Cantonese.

Beside solidarity and social, Holmes (1992: 44) examines that code switches occur within a speech, where the speaker and the hearer discuss a particular topic.

Example 9:

(The Chinese is in Italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS). A group of Chinese students are discussing Chinese customs.

Li : People here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In china, it’s not the same. Jia gou sui gou, jia ji sui ji. (IF YOU HAVE MARRIED A DOG. YOU FOLLOW A DOG. IF YOU ‘VE MARRIED A CHICKEN, YOU FOLLOW A CHICKEN). (Holmes, 1992:45).

As the topic is about Chinese customs, then the speaker and the hearer take example for switching English into Chinese to bear what they mean precisely.

Basically, based on Hoffman (1991:107) the reason why the subject uses mix is when an item has been acquired in one language but not yet in the other, an item is temporarily unavailable, more complex and there is a mixed input. But of course the causal point is not only from the situation. It also refers to the person as the doer.

Crystal (1987) investigates that code switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his speech with another bilingual person. He adds that the reasons are problem of expressing idea (as s/he might be tired,

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stress, up set or sad), solidarity, expectation, and convey his attitudes. For example when one is angry will have the expression as bellow:

Example 10:

(The German is in Italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS). In the town of Oberwart two little Hungarian – speaking children were playing in the woodshed and knocked over a carefully stacked pilled of firewood. Their grandfather walked in and said in Hungarian, the language he usually used to them:

‘Szo! Ide dzuni!jeszt jeramunyi mind e kettuotok, no hat akkor!’ (WELCOME

HERE! PUT ALL THIS WAY, BOTH OF YOU, WELL NOW). When they did not respond quickly enough he switched to German:

‘Kum her!’ (COME HERE!). (Holmes, 1992: 47)

Since children have their own mother tongue, it will be easier for adult and the children to communicate with it as they get used to but in case there will be another function to stress the message for instance, they will switch it into another language. In fact, from the example above, when the grandfather talked to the kids in Hungarian and did not get quick respond then he switched it into German.

As same as Holmes (1992), Fishman (1965 and 1971) also states that a number of factors can be considered to account for shifting from one variety to other varieties are setting, participants, topic of conversation, and the function of the interaction.

Hoffman (1991: 89) clarifies that the factors influencing the bilingual and multilingual choose certain code are; the person engaged in the speech event, the setting/ place or situation, the function or purpose of the interaction, topic and linguistic proficiency. Hoffman (1991:115) adds that people used code – switching because of contextual, situational and personal kind. It is especially happened when a particular topic cause a lack of facility in the relevant register. Moreover, teenagers in the immigrant communities like to use this code in order to be accepted by a particular community.

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To know the codes in detail, Cook (1991) in Skiba (2002) quote that prevalence of code switching occurs in nominal conversations of bilinguals (84% single word switches, 10% phrase switches and 6% clause switches).

Tanner (1991: 58) mentions that borrowing is a process before mixing codes. His example was boeuf bourguignon. It is a part of English language in a sentence: Let’s have some boeuf bourguignon. But when he adds it with du it became code switching. “Let’s have some du boeuf bourguignon” Du is occurred with a French noun.

“Another way in which different varieties may become mixed – up with each other is through the process of borrowing (a good brief survey is Burling 1970: ch.12, and a longer one is Bynon 1977: ch.6). It is obvious what is meant by ‘borrowing’ when an item is taken over lock, stock and barrel from one variety into another, e.g. when the name of a French dish like boeuf bourguignon is borrowed for use as an English term, complete with its French pronunciation (with a uvular r, etc)”. (Tanner, 1967: 58).

Tanner defines the process of borrowing can influence the kind of codes whether it is mixing or switching. As he mentioned above, when they borrow only the term boeuf bourguignon , it will be called as code mixing. While he borrows du infront of boeuf bourguignon then it will be called as code switching. People borrow this term as it is only found in French, can not found it in English at all.

In detail, Tripp (1964, 1968), Gumperz (1964), Fishman (1965 and 1971) in Marasigan (1983: 89) elicit that a number of factors account for shifting varieties are:

1. Setting

The term refers to time and place and situation for instance in radio, office, TV, market, party or funeral. Talking about setting, there are two kinds of situations i.e; formal and informal. A formal situation is when the conversation mostly used standard

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language and when the speakers use non-standard language, the situation becomes informal.

The program I analyze took a place in Jakarta, where there is Smart FM radio stations headquarter. The time is in April 2003 and the situation is informal.

2. Participant

They observe that the speaker’s and hearer’s details in the communication (age, background, geography, occupation, education, etc) based on the talks.

3. Topic

It refers to what is the issue to be discussed during the talk. For instance; what will you do when you are drunk? What is your favorite car? What kind of woman are you? Etc.

4. Function

The functions can be conversational and or written code switching function depends on the research field they choose.

From those finding, we sum up that each researcher finds different factors accounted at the code switching occurred during the conversation but the big four are setting, participant, topic and function though solidarity, social and status are possibly influenced code switching appearance.

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3.1 Research Design

The study is descriptive and qualitative in nature. It tries to describe the data into words form. The data is based on 8 episodes of an English phone interactive program on 95,6 Smart FM Jakarta, Uncle JC Happy Hour in April 2003 to achieve the goal of describing the feature of certain phenomena of any individual in the society which will be identified and justified.

In the description stage, I identify that the phenomena may not valid for other studies in general, therefore it is only for a particular event. In addition, the typology of the case study in the study is evaluative, describing an investigation carried out in order to evaluate policy or practice and not in to deep (Nunan, 1992: 78). The study access to subjective factors (thoughts, feelings, and desires), whereas experiments and surveys often use convenient derivative data, e.g. test results, official records (Merriam, 1988:27-29). While Bagdan and Bikle (1982: 40) comment that descriptive field will note subject description such as how is the performance, cloth, speaking style and behavior, interactive conversation, physical descriptive background, important comments such as how many times, who involve, how is the doer, and activity description.

Mc.Millan (1989:14) states that qualitative research is a process of selecting, categorizing, comparing, synthesizing and interpreting to provide explanations of the single phenomenon of interest. Qualitatively, the study describes what function and

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what factors accounted for code – switching on the Uncle JC’s Happy Hour by conducting the data based on identification, categorization, and inductive method. To achieve the goal, the study is conducted to descriptive stage where there will be description details of certain phenomena of any individual or a certain group in a society and carefully explained how the phenomena occurred in the group in the explanatory stage development.

Marasigan (1983: 27) classified conversational and written data collection into three types as they came from three different sourced and gathered in three different ways. First is a taped natural conversation of randomly selected adults and children in the school campus. Second, free written compositions by diffferent randomly selected groups pf adults and children and third, clippings from the Philipine mass media. I follow Marasigan’s frame work only for the type of oral data to be analyzed.

3.2 Object of the Study

The object of the study is 8 episodes of Uncle JC Happy Hour. It is broadcasted in Smart FM Jakarta and delayed in other 6 big cities in Indonesia, every Saturday and Sunday, 6.30-8 pm in April 2003. Uncle JC Happy Hour is one of the programs at Smart FM Networks used English as the language. Listeners can ring the phone number while JC and Fanny as DJs responded. Total participants are 116. The background of the participant’s profession, nationality and education are not the same (graduate, undergraduate, post graduate, worker, foreigner, local, businessman, etc). There are 8 episodes, where each episode lasted for one and a half of an hour (a half an hour commercials included). In constructing code switching, participants may have different terms, means that they may switch the codes in the form of words, phrases or

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sentences. As it is written in the chapter II, Marasigan defines code switching and code mixing clearly.

3.3 Procedure of Data Collection

Marasigan (1983: 27) classifies the two types of data (oral and written) into three types. The type of data consisted of taped natural conversations of Uncle JC Happy Hour which has been existed in Smart FM Jakarta every Saturday and Sunday since 2002. To limit the great number of data, the investigator decided to pick up 8 episodes of Uncle JC Happy Hour in April 2003, which is near to the time the investigator proposed this research. I consider using a computer where I could find the “winamp” or cool edit system. Those are able to play the CD easily and carefully compare with tape recorder.

In this study, conversation at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour is taken as the only data which were collected through recording, transcribing, identifying, categorizing and reducing.

3.3.1 Recording

I get those CDs from the Product Service Provider manager at Smart FM Semarang. It was recorded in Jakarta and sent to Semarang. The data are recorded on 4 CDs. One CD is loaded by 2 episodes. In total, there are 8 episodes. Compare with Marasigan taping, no one of the participants except JC and Fanny know that the conversation would be taped. This is done in order to get the natural data from the participants.

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3.3.2 Transcribing the Data

Supported by Cool edit systems, a new system of radio broadcasting equipment where buttons of rewind can automatically play CD carefully. This is used by Smart FM network.

I transcribe the data into written form on worksheet in order to identify the codes properly. The ratio of transcribing time to tape time was typically 5:1 on the average; it took five hours to transcribe one and a half hours of tape. The transcripts can be enormously useful in data analysis and immerse ourselves in the data and get a sense of the whole even the process of transcribing is long (Patton, 1980: 248 and 2002).

In transcribing the data, I present the data in transcript as follows; full stops (.), Comma (,), Question mark (?), exclamation mark (!), Words in capital letters (WOW), Quotation mark (“ “), Empty parentheses (), Uncertain transcription (laugh), Overlap phenomena (==), Turn numbers (1,2,3 …), NV indicates non verbal expression, The hosts are labeled into J and F (J) (F), The caller in each script is labeled with first letter (S) and when it is complicated when there are same alphabets, I take two letters (FE) (Eggin and Slade (1997)).

3.3.3 Identifying

From 8 episodes, I identify expressions containing code switching with bold

and italic then write the translation into capital letters in bold and italic behind it. Bold

is only used for code mixing but I will not concentrate at this since the point in this study is code switching. Some pocket and internet dictionaries together with experts (Mr. Wan Chen Lung, the host DJ at a Mandarin program called NI He WO in Smart

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FM Semarang, and Yasu chan, the Japanese student at Bahasa Indonesia department of UGM Yogyakarta) are supported the translation.

3.3.4 Categorizing

I engage categorization of the data on the basis of some categories such as the categories of code – switching. Carney, Joiner and Helen (1997) concern that while categorization is not an arbitrary process, neither is it necessary to have a finite, unchanging list of categories or codes into which must be stuffed all the bits of data in this project. I follow Marasigan (1983: 73-98) categorization that code switching falls into seven functions; quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection, message qualification, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expression.

3.3.5 Reducing

After categorizing the functions, it is discovered in the end that not all of them could be used for the purpose of the study. The data which has similar characteristic are needed to be reduced for effective finding.

3.4 Method of Data Analysis

Using the framework by Marasigan in 1983, the theoretical framework utilized in this study only used for code switching and further into conversational functions of code switching and socio-cultural and individual factors that influence code switching. The following conversational functions of code switching among participants in Uncle JC Happy Hour are used in this study: quotation, addressee specification, interjection, repetition, message qualification and personalization versus objectification and facility

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of expression. Through the categorizations, I analyze the data and find the conversational function, factors and foreign languages used in switching codes during the program.

The analysis of language in terms of its functions is taken to mean how language is used; trying to find out what purposes language serves for its speaker, and how its speaker are able to achieve these purposes through speaking and listening.

Furthermore, I apply to the qualitative data by transcribing the oral data into written data together with the interpretation, identifying, and categorizing the code switching occur on it based on Marasigan’s. Millan, James and Schmiche (1989: 414) suggest that the process of systematic process of selecting, categorizing, synthesizing and interpreting were necessary to provide explanations of single phenomenon of interest.

“The data analysis has come together really nicely, and we’ve got good descriptive information about the major patterns of activity in the program, our problem is that we haven’t found a theory to pull it all together yet” (Patton, 1980: 275).

I follow the procedure of analyzing the data with the written data transcription to see the descriptive information as Patton means. However, I supposed need more theory to pull it. This research is different to other researches. Different people manage their creativity, intellectual endeavors and hard work also in different ways. Patton (1980: 299) states that as the analysis of qualitative data is a creative process and intellectual rigor process and a great deal of hard work, there is no right way to go about organizing, analyzing and interpreting qualitative data. As an interaction analysis, the research type is interpretive and the unit of analysis is both linguistics and

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non – linguistics. This study can broaden it with sociolinguistic as there is a phenomena that participants are multilingual society.

Furthermore, Jazuli (2001: 13) assumes that inductive method is based on the thinking process above observation or data collection and generalization to summary. Meanwhile, Bogdan and Bikle consider that data analysis is the field to find theory, method, category and any explanation from description and data reflection. After doing all the research method discussed above, there will be a summary in the last chapter as the result of the study.

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4.1 Results

This chapter will be contained of finding’s discussion as the main concern of the study; code switching. Marasigan (1983: 122-123) recommends that her study which she says need more comprehensive study based on wider data, caused the typology of conversational and written functions and social significance of code switching in the Philippines based on different languages spoken such as Cebuano - English. Code switching occurs in any country or any area, where there are bilingual or multilingual speaker interact sharing the same languages each other. Moreover, I assume that Uncle JC’s Happy Hour is a multilingual community thus caused code switching. The community has various mother tongue, gender, age, job, education background, nationality, etc.

From all findings at this study, the functions can be extracted as follow;

Table 1

The conversational function at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour

No Function Total %

1. Quotation 7 7,61

2 Interjection 25 27,17

3 Repetition 13 14,13

4 Message Qualification 23 25,00

5 Personalization and objectivization 20 21,74

6 Facility of Expression 4 4,35

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According to table 1, there are 6 conversational functions at Uncle JC’s Happy Hour; quotation, interjection, repetition, message qualification, personalization and objectivization and facility of expression.

Interjection becomes the highest conversation function for 25 or 27,17%, second is message qualification for 23 or 25 %, third is personalization and objectivization for 20 or 21,74% and the lowest one is facility of expression for only 4 or 4,35%. At this point, it can not be denied that the subjects prefer to have strong feelings or emotions by using interjection function which can be described at example 8 – 32 above (page 40 – 56). Not many subjects get difficulty to find the right English word during conversation at the English program. Some of them do switching because of making jokes (example 60 and 88; when JC says “betul, bok!”) or when JC can not find the right Bahasa Indonesia word for hidden camera (example 42 and 93). This indicates the sociolinguistic regularities where subjects manifested language preference for some language functions. Those functions also illustrate the common code switchings are used. In addition, this study does not find any addressee specification function as Marasigan does (1983: 120).

Besides Bahasa Indonesia as the national and official language in Indonesia, the place where the study takes the sample, there are some languages used at Uncle JC Happy Hour. This show how reach the multilingual influence to participants.

Tabel 2

Comparison among the number of code switching languages; Those occur in Uncle JC’s Happy Hour.

No Language Total %

1 Bahasa Indonesia 42 61,77

2 Spanish 1 1,47

3 Chinese 17 25,00

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5 Tagalog 1 1,47

6 Javanese 2 2,94

7 Bataknese 1 1,47

8 Latin 1 1,47

9 French 1 1,47

10 German 1 1,47

Total 68 100

From table 1 above, Bahasa Indonesia becomes the highest language used for switching codes from English (42 or 61,77%) and subjects use Chinese at higher level (17 or 25%) while other languages; Spanish, Japanese, Tagalog, Javanese, Bataknese, Latin, French and German are used only one (1 or 1,47%). Furthermore, most of callers do switching from English into Bahasa Indonesia and Chinese when only JC, Fanny, Ibob, Barbara and Kevin use other languages; Spanish (example 2), Japanese (example 6), Tagalog (example 7), Latin (example 38), Bataknese (example 30), French (example 46) and German (example 57). Based on those examples, among all subjects, JC is the only one who shows that he knows more some terms in Bahasa Indonesia, Chinese, Bataknese and French when speaking English at the interactive radio program. This makes sense since JC has been living in Philippines and America where he can win some terms with international society. As a matter of fact, Chinese and Bahasa Indonesia which are used many times during the program also show how Indonesia get culture from Chinese cultures and how national language becomes the only language which is learnt and used by Indonesian people from Sabang to Merauke.

4.2 Discussion on Findings

Consisting all of the findings regarding code switching in Uncle JC’s Happy Hour in this study, I will explain the description and interpretation in this chapter

40

briefly. It was assumed that the codes arose from many languages since Indonesia as a multilingual country. The functions causing code switching on Uncle JC Happy Hour can be described as follows;

4.2.1 Quotation

Subjects quote themselves directly or indirectly to prove they say facts and addressee needs to believe them.

From appendix 1 as quoted in example 1, Uncle JC in his old age and Bravo are kidding each other on whose funny person makes Bravo laughing.

(1) J: Don’t like JC’s joke? You know what? Can’t please anybody. I’m sorry Bravo. Who is the funny person to you, Bravo? Whose funny to you? What kind of person make you laugh? (T.179)

B: I … mmm … what? Can you? (T.180) F: Ya … the person make you laugh (T.181) B: The person make me laugh?(T.182) F: Yeah … yeah … so laugh (T.183) B: Robin Williams (T.184)

J: Brrrttt!!! Robin Williams! Huh … huh … he hasn’t been funny in A0 years (T.185)

B: JC is just Robin Williams (T.186)

J : Robin Williams? Huh … huh … huh!!! This guys, her oh this guy him (T.187)

F: Oh! (T.188)

J: Cek dan ricek dulu dong gosipnya! (PLEASE CHECK AND

RECHECK THE GOSSIP).(T.189)

JC mocks Bravo since he thinks Robin William is the funny man who makes him laughing. Some of the words in the bold and italic are taken from the famous gossip infotainment title at RCTI channel called Check dan Recheck or C&R with Fanny Rahmasari as the presenter. The program which is on air every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon inspires JC to respond what the caller says. JC wants Bravo to check his decision in taking Robin Williams as the funniest actor. In other words, I can

41

say JC disagrees with his choice and then quote the words “Cek dan Ricek” right away. The last sentence of “Cek dan ricekdulu dong gosipnya!” is functioned also as an interjection. Moreover, at example 1, there are brackets with sign for instance (T.179). It means, the example is taken from appendix 1 for transcription on Uncle JC’s Happy Hour in 5th April 2003 for the 179th turn.

From appendix 1 as quoted in example 2, Uncle JC and Tasha are talking about “If You Were Bush or Sadam, What Would You Do?” In the end, they remember Inul whom can make people happier and in peace.

(2) T: Hey, you know what? I haven’t watched Inul. So, I didn’t know how … how hot she dove (T.738)

J : Well, she dances pretty nice. I’ve seen … I like Inul … well, I think this would dance of Inul to the Ketjup’s song Aserehe … ha here … hamini mini … if they don’t get tired they at least go insane. (WELL, SHE DANCES PRETTY NICE, I’VE SEEN … I LIKE INUL … WELL, I THINK THIS WOULD DANCE OF INUL TO THE KETJUP SONG …MANY THINK ITS BRUJERIA … IF THEY DON’T GET TIRED

THEY AT LEAST GO INSANE).(T.739)

JC amazes of Inul dance. He thinks that she can dance with Ketjup’s song of

Aserehe, then they can be tired or insane. Tasha can’t give her comment on Inul since she has never seen her before but believes that she can bring peaceful is like what JC says. In this part, JC quotes the title of the song “Aserehe …”, the regulatory function of language at quotation not only from sign or title from a TV program.

From Appendix 2 as quoted in example 3, JC, Lily and Fanny inform about JC’s Birthday. As Lily is an Indonesian Chinese, she says something in Mandarin;

(3) J : Oh, my God! It’s a cake. (T.15) F : Ha ha (NV1)

L : Cu ni sangri kwale, JC … muah muah. (HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU,

42 J : Oh, look at the candles on it. (T.17)

Fanny and Lily greet JC for his 29th birthday. They have a cake for him. What a big surprise for JC receiving the cake with candles. By quoting the title of the song of “Happy Birthday”, Lily also singing Chinese birthday song Cu ni sangri kwale.

From appendix 2 as quoted in example 4, this is extracted from the conversation’s topic on JC’s Birthday. Lily makes a joke changing the number of the true candle.

(4) F : Lily, put the 6 back on …(T.36)

J : No, I’m not 9! No, I am not 62 either!(T.37) F : Ha ha …(NV2)

L: Swa la ce se swa lah … ba ba so lo ah! (NO MEANING …

WHATEVER). (T.38)

JC is mad then Fanny asks her to put the 6 back on. Lily makes it 9 then 62. Lily gets tired with his complaints then saying the Chinese utterance “Swa la ce se swa

lah … ba ba so lo ah!” which means no meaning or whatever.

From appendix 2 as quoted in example 5, Lily again expresses her idea in Mandarin on JC’s Birthday.

(5) J: Lily, you could answer the phone just bring it after hook. Oh, there they are! Brrrb … she just live up the candle and when she blow up the match, she blows up the candles. I don’t wanna somebody blow up now. I think it’s a bad luck. Now, if it’s gonna blow up twice. (T.86)

L: Ke cang ke me cang ke … cu ni sang ri kwale … (LET’S SING…

HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU). (T.87)

J : Oh. (T.88)

L : Cu ni sang ri kwale … cu ni sangri kwale … lo pai to .. cu ni sang ri

kwale .. kwai le … (HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU … YOU ARE

UGLY … HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU … BIRTHDAY).(T.89)

J : What is funny? (T.90)

JC asks Lily to answer the phone. He doesn’t want her to blow up the match even the candles. He believes that it is a bad luck if she does so. Since he is murmuring

43

too much, Lily responds into Chinese than English. Seemingly, she puts some improper words, which make Fanny laughing. Saying goodbye to Lulu as another caller, there is the next caller Volga, who greets JC with Chinese words Cu Ni Sangri Kwale means happy birthday to you. Again, this greeting of happy birthday for JC is sung by Volga. Both JC and Fanny repeat it one more time. But since they can’t pronounce it very well, Volga tries to say it slowly. They follow. ‘Le’ is the hard part for JC since it is easier for him to say ‘lah’, which is the typical Chinese gambit in Singapore.

From appendix 3 as quoted in example 6, Rama as the guest at the show, telling about how he makes melody for Japanese game’s soundtrack.

(6) R: But this time … this time I only you know … I only did the melody and others were finished by the original composer, Mr … ya … what is it Yasunoni Mitsuda.(T.428)

J: Hoka hoka bento.(A FAMOUS JAPANESE RESTAURANT).(T.429) F: All right. (T.430)

Rama tells about the song from the game of Parasite Eve, which will be played soon. His part in it was only the melody while other things finished by Mr. Yasunoni Mitsuda. Hearing that Japanese name, reminds JC to the most popular Japanese restaurant in Indonesia, Hoka – hoka Bento. This is also functioned as a humor while he quotes it.

From appendix 8 as quoted in example 7, JC, Fanny and Azis discuss about “What Would You Do if Somebody Filming You in Your Underwear?”

(7) J: It’s a new one! Cause I would like to put a Philippino curse on them right now. (T.663)

F: (laugh) …(NV21)

J: Hey, to all tabloid who exploited these women “pakdu saka” (HEY, TO ALL TABLOID WHO EXPLOITED THESE WOMEN “YOU

SUFFER”). (T.664)

428

25 Betul, bok! That’s right, friend Bahasa Indonesia

26 Cihui! Bravo Bahasa Indonesia

27 Eit! Oops! Bahasa Indonesia

28 Enak aja! Can’t be like that! Bahasa Indonesia 29 Eh … kok … lagi! No …why is it …

again!

Bahasa Indonesia

30 Horas! Hallo! Bataknese

31 Apa biasanya dilempari oleh anak – anak?

What do usually kids throwen?

Bahasa Indonesia 32 I look like 17 years old … tujuh

belas?

I look like seventeen years old …

seventeen?

Bahasa Indonesia

33 … Gunawan … Gundul Menawan …

Bald and amazing … Bald and amazing

Bahasa Indonesia 34 …Fa Ni Ng Lan … stranger place Stranger place …

stranger place

Chinese

35 … Botak Biadab Bald damn Bahasa Indonesia

36 Ibob … India Bravo Oscar Bravo Ibob … I Bi O Bi Latin 37 The bar of soap … sabun batangan The bar of soap …

the bar of soap

Bahasa Indonesia 38 … tidak ada uang … Oh, I’m

broke!

... don’t have money … oh, I’m broke!

Bahasa Indonesia 39 What is FBI? … Fans Berat Inul What is FBI? … The

biggest Inul’s fans

Bahasa Indonesia 40 Hidden camera … kamera

tersembunyi

Hidden camera … hidden camera

Bahasa Indonesia 41 Dada means bye bye … Bye bye means bye

bye

Bahasa Indonesia

42 Comme ci comme ca So so … French

43 Se me sye What’s wrong? Chinese

44 Ko la ko la Wait … wait … Chinese

45 Ya? Edo do e … siapa nih? Yes? What did you say? Who is speaking?

Bahasa Indonesia

46 Tsie - tsie Thank you Chinese

47 Me sye me sye What what Chinese

48 Enak sekali It’s very delicious Bahasa Indonesia

49 Apa kabar? How are you? Bahasa Indonesia

50 Es We O Er De Es Double You Ou

Ar Di

Bahasa Indonesia 51 Kiri kanan … kiri kanan Left right … left

right

Bahasa Indonesia 52 Nicht das penne Not in the flophouse German

53 … Tidak ada uang They don’t have money

Bahasa Indonesia

54 Sedih aja … I feel so sad Bahasa Indonesia

55 Wa cing ta wai Meaningless Chinese

429 58 Kambing ngaco PKI Crazy and

communist goat

Bahasa Indonesia 59 Saya bisa bicara Bahasa Indonesia

bagus ...

I can speak Indonesian well

Bahasa Indonesia

60 Dadaaa … Good bye Bahasa Indonesia

61 Tiga sembilan delapan tiga tiga delapan delapan

Three nine eight three three eight eight

Bahasa Indonesia

62 Oh, sudah Oh, I have seen him

before

Bahasa Indonesia 63 Oh, ya kita coba ya? … Oh, ya let’s try Bahasa Indonesia 64 Anak baru intelejen … A new intelligent kid Bahasa Indonesia

65 Salah! Wrong! Bahasa Indonesia

66 Wu wu liu liu Wait a minute … Chinese

67 Chiang le Meaningless Chinese

68 Tes ketes ketes … The sound of slaver drops from mouth

430 Appendix 12

TABLE 3

LIST OF THE UNCLE JC ‘S HAPPY HOUR PARTICIPANTS

No Date Topic Hosts

DJ

Callers 1 5th April, 2004 If you were Bush or

Sadam what would you do?

JC Fanny Lily

Cut 1: Azis, Bravo Cut 2: Rahul, Neil, Iin, Rahul Indian

Cut 3: Mars, Rini Banjarmasin, Sandy, King, Pim

Cut 4:Tasha, Dicky, Jack Bogor

Cut 5: Andy 2 6th April, 2004 JC’s Birthday JC

Fanny Lily

Cut 1: Dee Dee, Nidya Cut 2: Dina bogor, Vivi, Januar, Bravo, Christien Susi

Cut 3: Barbara

Germany, Lulu, Volga Chinese, Yogi, SMS from Tedy Palembang, Jack bule Bogor, Azis, Voice of shooting Cut 4:SMS from Ambar Banjarmasin, Tia, Inyo, Dita, Dian, Yoyo, Rahul Indian, Tanto Jakarta Cut 5: Laksmi, Tasya, Voice shooting, Uni Jakarta, Max 3 12th April,

2004

Rama JC Fanny

Rama

Cut 1: Jack Cut 2: - Cut 3: Tia, Winzard,Femy Palembang, Kevin Jakarta

Cut 4:Andy, Femy Palembang, Drama player(Melina, Egy, Christien, Hartono, Cokro, Ryan, Kevin, Maria, Laksmi, Lili) Cut 5: Ana, Rufiah

431

Legiman, Lily Cut 3: Lily, Januar, Femy Palembang Cut 4: Caca

Cut 5: Joseph, Mike, Ibob

5 19th April, 2004

Are you afraid of SAARS?

JC Fanny

Cut 1: Vivi, Barbara Germany

Cut 2: Rama, Rustam Banjarmasin, Joseph Jakarta

Cut 3: Agnes Cut 4: Andre

Cut 5: Benjamin, Tony Depok

Cut 6: Selly 6 20th April,

2004

I need a new friend because …

JC Fanny

Cut 1: Syaiful

Cut 2: Hartati, Anthony Cut 3: Tya, Ari

Cut 4: Wandi, Maria, Shinta

Cut 5: Drama player (Egi, Michel, Christien, hartono, Cokro, Ryan, Dasin, Maria, Mr. D), Anto, Wina

7 26th April, 2004

TV show you would like to be in

JC Fanny

Cut 1: Andy, Septiani Indrawati

Cut 2: Encep, Lawyer Cut 3: Putri, Crly girl, Mr. Thomas

Cut 4: Voice1&2, Felix, Dewi

Cut 5: Volga, Jason, Rustam Banjarmasin 8 27th April,

2004

What would you do if somebody filming you in your underwear?

JC Fanny

Cut 1: Lili, Yanuar Cut 2: Wandi, Azis Cut 3: Jeffrey Cut 4: Harry, Femmy Palembang, Dado Palembang Cut 5: X, Linda Cut 6: Fikri, Rina

432 Appendix 13

ASEREHE

English Lyrics: Spanish Lyrics: friday night it's party time feeling ready looking fine,

viene diego rumbeando, with the magic in his eyes checking every girl in sight, grooving like he does the mambo he's the man alli en la disco, playing sexy felling hotter,

he's the king bailando et ritmo ragatanga, and the dj that he knows well,

on the spot always around twelve,

plays the mix that diego mezcla con la salsa, y la baila and he dances y la canta

Chorus:

aserejè ja de jè de jebe tu de jebere seibiunouva, majavi an de bugui an de buididipi,

aserejè ja de jè de jebe tu de jebere seibiunouva, majavi an de bugui an de buididipi

many think its brujeria, how he comes and disappears, every move will hypnotize you, some will call it chuleria, others say that its the real, rastafari afrogitano

he's the man alli en la disco, playing sexy felling hotter,

he's the king bailando et ritmo ragatanga, and the dj that he knows well,

on the spot always around twelve,

plays the mix that diego mezcla con la salsa, y la baila and he dances y la canta

Mira lo que se avecina a la vuelta de la esquina viene Diego rumbeando

con la luna en las pupilas y su traje agua marina va después de contrabando Y donde mas no cabe un alma Y se mete a darse caña Poseído por el ritmo ragatanga

y el dj que lo conoce toca el himno de las 12 para Diego la canción más deseada

y la baila!!! y la goza!!

y la cantaaaaaaaa!!! aserejé ja deje dejebe tu dejebe deseri iowa a mavy an de bugui an de güidibidi

433 an de bugui an de güidibidi

no es cosa de brujería que lo encuentre to los días por donde voy caminando

Diego tiene chulería y ese punto de alegría raftafari-afrogitano

Y donde mas no cabe un alma Y se mete a darse caña Poseído por el ritmo ragatanga

y el dj que lo conoce toca el himno de las 12 para Diego la canción más deseada

y la baila!!! y la goza!!