28 To know the codes in detail, Cook 1991 in Skiba 2002 quote that prevalence
of code switching occurs in nominal conversations of bilinguals 84 single word switches, 10 phrase switches and 6 clause switches.
Tanner 1991: 58 mentions that borrowing is a process before mixing codes. His example was boeuf bourguignon. It is a part of English language in a sentence:
Let’s have some boeuf bourguignon. But when he adds it with du it became code switching. “Let’s have some du boeuf bourguignon” Du is occurred with a French
noun. “Another way in which different varieties may become mixed – up with each
other is through the process of borrowing a good brief survey is Burling 1970: ch.12, and a longer one is Bynon 1977: ch.6. It is obvious what is meant by
‘borrowing’ when an item is taken over lock, stock and barrel from one variety into another, e.g. when the name of a French dish like boeuf bourguignon is
borrowed for use as an English term, complete with its French pronunciation with a uvular r, etc”. Tanner, 1967: 58.
Tanner defines the process of borrowing can influence the kind of codes whether it is mixing or switching. As he mentioned above, when they borrow only the
term boeuf bourguignon , it will be called as code mixing. While he borrows du infront of boeuf bourguignon then it will be called as code switching. People borrow this term
as it is only found in French, can not found it in English at all. In detail, Tripp 1964, 1968, Gumperz 1964, Fishman 1965 and 1971 in
Marasigan 1983: 89 elicit that a number of factors account for shifting varieties are:
1. Setting
The term refers to time and place and situation for instance in radio, office, TV, market, party or funeral. Talking about setting, there are two kinds of situations i.e;
formal and informal. A formal situation is when the conversation mostly used standard
29 language and when the speakers use non-standard language, the situation becomes
informal. The program I analyze took a place in Jakarta, where there is Smart FM radio
stations headquarter. The time is in April 2003 and the situation is informal.
2. Participant
They observe that the speaker’s and hearer’s details in the communication age, background, geography, occupation, education, etc based on the talks.
3. Topic
It refers to what is the issue to be discussed during the talk. For instance; what will you do when you are drunk? What is your favorite car? What kind of woman are
you? Etc.
4. Function
The functions can be conversational and or written code switching function depends on the research field they choose.
From those finding, we sum up that each researcher finds different factors accounted at the code switching occurred during the conversation but the big four are
setting, participant, topic and function though solidarity, social and status are possibly influenced code switching appearance.
30
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
The study is descriptive and qualitative in nature. It tries to describe the data into words form. The data is based on 8 episodes of an English phone interactive
program on 95,6 Smart FM Jakarta, Uncle JC Happy Hour in April 2003 to achieve the goal of describing the feature of certain phenomena of any individual in the society
which will be identified and justified. In the description stage, I identify that the phenomena may not valid for other
studies in general, therefore it is only for a particular event. In addition, the typology of the case study in the study is evaluative, describing an investigation carried out in
order to evaluate policy or practice and not in to deep Nunan, 1992: 78. The study access to subjective factors thoughts, feelings, and desires, whereas experiments and
surveys often use convenient derivative data, e.g. test results, official records Merriam, 1988:27-29. While Bagdan and Bikle 1982: 40 comment that descriptive field will
note subject description such as how is the performance, cloth, speaking style and behavior, interactive conversation, physical descriptive background, important
comments such as how many times, who involve, how is the doer, and activity description.
Mc.Millan 1989:14 states that qualitative research is a process of selecting, categorizing, comparing, synthesizing and interpreting to provide explanations of the
single phenomenon of interest. Qualitatively, the study describes what function and
