9
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Literature Review
1. Learning Achievement
a. Definitions of Learning Slameto 2013: 13 in his book states that Gagne explains two definitions
of learning, they are, first, learning is a process to gain motivation in knowledge, skills, routines, and behaviors. Second, learning is an ability of knowledge or
skills obtained from instruction. I t is in line with Sardiman‟s statement 2007: 22-
23 that leatning is a series of body-soul, psychophysic activities toward the development of the whole individuals related to thought, feeling and intention,
cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. Winkel 1996: 242 also explains that learning is a mental physic activity in active interaction with environments
tha results in changes of knowledge, understanding, skills and attitudes. The changes are reatively constant.
Based on the definitions above, the researcher concludes that learning is a process of changes in someone‟ self. Changes as the results of the process can be
shown in various forms, such as changes of knowledge, understanding, attitudes and behaviors, skills, abilities, and other aspects in the individual.
b. Definitions of Learning Achievement
Learning achievement is the most essential part of learning. Nana Sudjana 2002: 3 defines that learning achievement is a change of behaviors as the
learning results, in a broader definition it covers cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Dimiyati and Mudjiono 2002: 3 also mentions that
learning achivement is a result of interaction between learning and teaching activities. From teacher‟s views, teaching activities are ended with evaluation.
From students‟ views, learning achievement is the end of teaching processes. Benjamin S. Bloom Dimiyati and Mudjiono, 2002: 26-27 mentions 6
types of behaviors in cognitive aspect, they are: 1
Knowledge, reaches memory ability about something learned and stored in the memory. Knowledge is related to facts, events, rule definitions, theories,
principles, or methods. 2
Understanding, includes ability to catch meanings of something learned. 3
Implementation, covers ability to implement a method and rule to face real and new problems, for example, using principles.
4 Analysis, consists of ability to break down a unit into parts, so the whole
structure can be well understood, for example, minimizing problems into smaller part.
5 Synthesis, embraces all abilities to form a new pattern, for example, ability
to arrange a program. 6
Evaluation, contains ability to make opinions of something based on a certain criteria, for example, ability to assess examination results.
Kategori