53 To contrast run with other verbs which share a number of common
components, i.e. race, gallop and sprint, the writer used 24 semantic features which are based on five semantic properties. The five semantic properties are 1 manner,
which is based on limbs contact the ground, shape, continuity, speed and step or range, 2 objective, which is based on competition and intention, 3 agent, which is
based on whether those verbs can be carried out by human beings or not, 4 tool, which is based on whether they are applicable for political party,
moneyproductbusiness or not, and 5 distance, whether they take short or long distance.
4.1.1 Manner
When one is running or sprinting, he will use the two legs to perform it. However, only one leg is touching or contacting the ground while the other one is in
the air. Likewise, when a horse is galloping, it will use four limbs and only two of them are contacting the ground. Apart from that, when one is racing, the leg can be
either one or all contact the ground. For example, when one is having a run racing, only one leg is touching the ground. However, when one is having a fast-walking
race, both legs are touching the ground. One is galloping when he gets surprised or something makes him frightened. When this happens, only one leg is touching the
ground and it is also the same as when a horse is galloping. Only one or two legs are touching the ground. When one is sprinting, either for self practice or competition, he
will run very fast and only one leg is touching the ground. From the shape, one can run either linearly or unlinearly. For instance, when
one is running in the stadium, he will run following the track line of the stadium.
54 Likewise, when one is jogging in the morning, he will run linearly following the
pedestrian route. However, when one is running because, for example, there is a fire in the building everybody will run anywhere they can find a way out. It also happens
when the airplane got crashed and everybody ran away in all direction because the engine would explode. When one is racing e.g. run or fast-walking racing, he will
follow the line of the track otherwise there will be disqualification. But when one is galloping, he will perform it unlinearly as it is the result of something unexpected or
surprising. One will sprint linearly and follow the line of track, the same as when he is having a run race. When one is running, racing or galloping, he will tend to
perform a continuous action. For example, when a thief is running before the police, he will run continuously until the police lose his track. A cat will run after the mouse
and never stop before it catches its prey. The racing can be a continuous action when it performed several times to seek its winner. A horse, when it runs amok, can be
galloping wildly and it is difficult to stop. Someone who is sprinting will run very fast and stop in a particular distance. Usually sprinting is performed in a short distance.
Running, racing, galloping and sprinting all require fast movement of the leg. In running, one will make a wide step of range. A step of range is the range between
the two legs when one or two legs are touching the ground. When one is racing, the range can be short as in a fast-walking competition or wide as in a running
competition. When a horse is galloping, it will perform wide step of range as it runs very fast. Likewise, when one is sprinting, he will make a wide step of range in a
particular distance.
55
4.1.2 Objective
