Semantic Properties Related to the verb RUN as a Single Verb

59 preposition, as in I ran into an old friend yesterday and I ran into her yesterday. The phrasal verb used by the writer in this study is the combination of two and three parts phrasal verb with separable and non-separable.

4.2.1 Semantic Properties Related to the verb RUN as a Single Verb

After the writer conducted the comparative analysis of the verb run in conceptual meaning, he then determined the context of the verb run based on its meanings. From the context and example in a sentence, the writer found the semantic properties related to the conceptual meaning. The result is presented in table 4.2. From the data presented below, the writer found that there are twenty seven different meanings within nineteen different contexts. Thus, the word run does not only have a literal meaning, i.e. to move quickly on foot by moving your legs more quickly than when one is walking, but it also has many idiomatic or connotative meanings. Table 4.2: Semantic Properties Related to the verb RUN as a Single Verb 60 No Context Semantic Features Manner Objective AgentExperiencer Distance Tool L im b s C o n tact in g th e Gr o u n d Sh ap e C o n tin u ity Sp ee d Step o r R an g e C o m p etitio n No n C o m p etitio n Pro fit No n -Pro fit W ith I n ten tio n W ith o u t I n ten tio n An im ate In an im ate L o n g Sh o rt Par ts o f th e B o d y Po liti ca l Par ty Mo n ey Pro d u ctB u sin ess Me an s o f T ran sp o rtatio n Dev iceE q u ip m en tI n str u m en t All No t a ll L in ea r No n -L in ea r C o n tin u o u s On e in stan t Fas t Slo w W id e Nar ro w Hu m an No n - Hu m an B ab y C h ild Ad u lt E ld er ly B ab y Ad u lt 1 movement  + ± ±  + +  +   +  +  + + + + +  ± ± +     2 control +  +  +  +    + +      +   3 machinessystems computers +  ± ±       +     + 4 transportation 1 +  +  +        + +     +  transportation 2 ± ± +    + +    ± ±    +  transportation 3  + +   +   + +    ± ±    +  5 water or liquids +  ± ± +        + +  6 continuance 1 +  +  +  +        +   +   continuance 2 +  +  +        +   +   continuance 3 +  ± ± +        +   +   7 event or situation ± ±  + +        +  ±    8 touch +   + + +    +     Table 4.2: Semantic Properties Related to the verb RUN as a Single Verb 61 No Context Semantic Features Manner Objective AgentExperiencer Distance Tool L im b s C o n tact in g th e Gr o u n d Sh ap e C o n tin u ity Sp ee d Step o r R an g e C o m p etitio n No n C o m p etitio n Pro fit No n -Pro fit W ith I n ten tio n W ith o u t I n ten tio n An im ate In an im ate L o n g Sh o rt Par ts o f th e B o d y Po liti ca l Par ty Mo n ey Pro d u ctB u sin ess Me an s o f T ran sp o rtatio n Dev iceE q u ip m en tI n str u m en t All No t a ll L in ea r No n -L in ea r C o n tin u o u s On e in stan t Fas t Slo w W id e Nar ro w Hu m an No n - Hu m an B ab y C h ild Ad u lt E ld er ly B ab y Ad u lt 9 thoughts or feeling +   +       + +     10 roads +        + +  11 color +   +       + 12 paint  +  +       + 13 adequacy 1  +  ± + +    adequacy 2 +   +       + adequacy 3  +  ± + +    14 uncontrolled way 1 +   + ± +    ±  uncontrolled way 2 ± ± +   +       + 15 arrangement 1 +  +  +    +     arrangement 2 +  ± ± 16 election +  +    + ±     +    17 illegal drugs or guns +  +    + ±     + +  + T a ble 4 .2 : Se m an tic P ro p er ties R elate d to th e v er b R UN as a Sin g le Ver b 62 No Co nte x t Se m a ntic F ea tures M a nn er O bje ct iv e Ag ent E x perience r D ist a n ce T o o l Limbs Contacting the Ground Shape Continuity Speed Step or Range Competition Non Competition Profit Non-Profit With Intention Without Intention Animate Inanimate Long Short Parts of the Body Political Party MoneyProductBusiness Means of Transportation DeviceEquipmentInstrument All Not all Linear Non-Linear Continuous One instant Fast Slow Wide Narrow Human Non- Human Baby Child Adult Elderly Baby Adult 18 sto ry o r ar ticle +  +    + ±   ± 19 te m p er atu re o r fev er  + + + + + + +  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 63 When run is put in the context of „movement‟, the semantic properties related are manner, objective and agent. In the sentence The passenger ran quickly to catch the bus, the activity of run is carried out by adult human being agent, with certain intention, i.e. to catch the bus objective. When one is running, not all limbs contact the ground. He will perform it in high speed and wide step or range manner. However, the agent is not always the adult one. Given the example The children are running to enter the class when they hear the bell ringing, the agent is the children. Sometimes it can also be performed by animals as in the sentence The cheetah is running after the deer, the agent is cheetah, which is an adult animal. All those three sentences have intended purpose respectively, i.e. to catch the bus, to enter the class and to escape from the cheetah. When run is in the context of „control‟, the semantic properties related are manner, objective, agent and tool. It creates meaning „to control or be in charge of a company, an organization or system ‟. In the sentence Mrs. Brown ran a fast food restaurant in New York, it is clear that only adult people can carry out this activity agent, with certain intention, i.e. to earn a living objective. Running a restaurant is a process, which is not only in short period of time. Thus, it belongs to a continuous and long process manner. As the owner of a restaurant, it is likely that Mrs. Brown competed with the other restaurants to attract as many customers as possible competition and to obtain much income profit. To run a restaurant, Mrs. Brown needed to have a good quality of food to maintain her business tool. Most of the time, when the verb run is put in the context of „control‟, it deals with the profitable company or organization. 64 When run is in the context of „machines or systems‟, the semantic properties related are agent, manner and tool. If the machine is running, the doer is inanimate agent. The machine can run fast, like when one operates sewing machine or drilling machine manner. The machine is usually designed to help people doing the repeated task over and over again. Thus, the machine is running in a linear shape, it has regular movement manner. Unlike human being who uses part of the body, the machine runs using particular instruments or equipments tool. When run is in the context of „transportation‟, there are three different meanings the writer could find. In the sentence The executive train runs from Brooklyn to New York twice a day, the verb run has a meaning „to take peoplepassengers from one place to another place ‟ and the semantic properties related are manner, objective and agent. If the train is running, the doer is inanimate agent. This means of transportation runs very fast and is on a railway track manner. It has definite objective, i.e. to carry the passenger to certain destination objective and it takes long distance. In the sentence The driver does not run the car very fast, the verb run more or less has the same meaning „to make the transportation operate ‟ and the semantic properties related are the same. If the driver runs the car, the doer is animate, i.e. a driver agent. This land transportation can run either slow or fast manner. When one drives a car, it may take short distance, e.g. around the city or long distance, e.g. between cities. It has definite object, i.e. to go or carry someonepassenger to certain place. In the sentence The heavy trailer ran down the hill at a frightening speed, it happened accidentally with no intention from the driver objective. As it ran down the hill at a frightening speed, it moved very fast with 65 unpredictable distance. When there is nothing to hit or crash, it may take long distance or it will stop when there is something hit or crash. When run is put in the context of „water or liquids‟, it means „to flow in a particular direction or place ‟. In the sentence The river runs to the sea, it has a particular direction or place, i.e. to the sea. Thus, it is related to the semantic properties of manner, objective, agent and distance. In the rainy season, especially when the river overflows, it will run very fast and when the dry season comes, it will usually run slowly. It is general truth that the river always runs to the sea, so it has precise intention with inanimate agent and long distance. When run is put in the context of „continuance‟, it has three different meanings. The first, it means „to continue to be officially able to be used for a particular period of time ‟. Like in the sentence The insurance contract runs for two years, the agent is inanimate. As an insurance company, it has profit objective and between insurance companies there is competition one another. In order to run its business, an insurance company needs tools, i.e. money, product and business or management. Another meaning within the same context is „to continue being performed regularly in one place ‟. In the sentence The opera has run for three years since the first time I saw it, the opera is still running and thus it has continuous performance manner. As the opera is performed for consumptive purpose, it has profit objective using product and business tools. It also has the objective or purpose intentionally, i.e. to amuse the audience. The other meaning is „to continue in a particular way, especially in a story ‟. In the sentence I do not remember how the story runs, the agent of this sentence is inanimate, i.e. the story itself. It has certain 66 purpose, which is intentionally to entertain the reader. If the story is written in a book, so it has profit objective as well. The publisher of the story book will need a tool, i.e. business management so that the story book can be a best seller. In the context of „event or situation‟, the verb run means „to happen or take place, especially in the way that it was intended ‟. From the definition, it has been obvious that it is an intended activity. In the sentence The farewell party ran exactly according to what we had we had planned, it has an inanimate agent with non-profit objective. Within the same context, we can also make another sentence The competition ran exactly according to what we had we had planned. In this sentence, it has the same agent that belongs to inanimate and the same objective that is an activity with intention. However, it has another objective which appears, i.e. for competition. In the previous sentence, there is no competition for farewell party. Another sentence like The general election ran well, it appears another semantic property, i.e. political party which belongs to tool. It has the same inanimate agent as well as intentional objective with competition purpose. The verb run can also be put in the context of „touch‟, which means „to move or rub something lightly along a surface ‟. As in the sentence The little girl ran her fingers through her long hair, the girl as the animate agent has an intentional objective to do certain activity. She uses her fingers as the tool to perform the activity. When run is put in the context of „thought or feeling‟, it means „to experience thought or feeling that happens of a sudden ‟. In the sentence The same thing keeps running in my mind over and over again, it has inanimate agent, i.e. the same thing. 67 As it happens in one‟s mind, it uses part of the body tool to perform the activity, which refers to one‟s brain. The frequency is high as we know that it happens over and over again. Thus, it has a continuous manner. When we remember about the same thing repeatedly, we do not have intention to do it as it always crosses on our mind automatically. The verb run may also be put in the context of „roads‟, which means „to exist in a particular place or continue in a particular direction ‟. In the sentence The long road runs along a great valley, it has an inanimate agent, i.e. the long road. As it runs along a great valley, it has long distance. When the verb run is put in the context of „color‟, it means „to spread from one area of cloth to another ‟. It happens when one is washing clothes and the color is running. Like in the sentence Will the colors run if the dress is washed? the color can spread or fade when the clothe is being washed. In this context, the verb run has an inanimate agent, i.e. the color. It has unintended purpose objective and happens quickly manner. In the context of „paint‟, the verb run means „to move onto an area where you did not intend it to go ‟. As we can see that it happens unintentionally objective, like in the sentence When I was painting the ceiling, the paint ran all over the wall. In this sentence, the verb run has an inanimate agent, i.e. the paint, and it happens not linear manner. There are three different meanings when the verb run is put in the context of „adequacy‟. It can mean „to have very little of something left‟, like in the example I am running short of cash and I don’t think I could afford that. In this sentence, the 68 verb run has animate experiencer, i.e. human being and usually an adult. One will not intend to lack some money and it happens accidentally. Thus, it has unintentional purpose objective. The second meaning is „to say that there is little time left‟. This meaning is related with time management, like in the sentence I could barely finish the final exam as the time was already running short. This sentence has inanimate agent, i.e. the time. When one is doing an exam and he doesn‟t have enough time to finish it, he would feel that time is running fast manner and it is not his intention to lack of time objective. The third meaning is „to have very little left of something that you normally keep a supply of ‟. It usually deals with things or stuff that we keep or use daily. In the sentence While we were on the way to Oxford, we were running low on fuel again, the experiencer in this sentence is animate, i.e. human being and usually an adult. However, it can also be a child or elderly as the experiencer. Given the example Henry is running short of his allowance when it comes to the end of the month the agent is Henry who probably is a school boy who receives allowance from his parents every month. In the sentence John was running short of hair left in his elderly age the agent is John who is an elderly person. Both agents have unintended purpose, i.e. Henry does not want to lack his allowance and John does not want to lose his hair due to aging. The verb run may also be put in the context of „uncontrolled way‟. When something happens in uncontrolled way, it just happens out of control, outside the will of our intention. We would make certain effort to stop what has happened out of control. The first meaning in this context is „to behave in an uncontrolled way‟. Given the example of a sentence Since their father passed away, the children have been 69 running wild, the circumstances of the family changed dramatically soon after the father died. The children as the animate human agent behaved in uncontrolled way unintentional purpose and probably it happens all the time continuous manner as nobody was in charge of the children. Within the same meaning, we can create another sentence which has animate animal agent, e.g. The cows were running wild as the tornado was approaching the farm area. The second meaning is „to spread quickly in an uncontrolled way ‟. Unlike the first meaning, the second one provides example which has inanimate agent, i.e. Disaster germ is running rife in the crowded area. In this example, the agent is disaster germ and it has unintended purpose objective. It spread widely and quickly across the area manner. When the verb run is put in the context of „arrangement‟, there are two different meanings. The first one is „to arrange for something or someone to be checked or tested ‟ just like in the sentence A placement test had to be run on all the new students. The placement test has definite purpose, i.e. to know the students‟ ability in order to put them in the proper level or place. It may have competition purpose, when the students compete each other to achieve certain level. We may add one more property related, i.e. manner. Given the example An IQ test had to be run on all new applicants in the first step of job recruitment. When it is an IQ test, it is done in a limited time and fast way speed, and it is certainly done for competition purpose between new applicants. The second meaning is „to go to a shop, office etc in order to buy, do, or get something for someone else ‟. In a sentence I have a few errands to run downtown, it has definite purpose objective, to do or accomplish something. 70 The verb run, when it is put in the context of „election‟, means „to try to be elected in an election ‟. As it is used in the sentence Barrack Obama was running for President of the United States, it has clear and definite purpose objective, i.e. to win the election. To do this, the agent or the doer, i.e. Barrack Obama had to use the tool political party, such as campaign in order to achieve the goal. When the verb run is put in the context of „illegal drugs or guns‟, it has the meaning „to bring drugs or guns into a country illegally in order to sell them‟. As we can see in the sentence In order to achieve the goal, the mafia had run guns to several countries, the agent in this sentence is the mafia. It has no good intention objective, i.e. to smuggle guns to other countries. In order to do this, the agent used tool, for example business, money, or even politicians to achieve the goal. The verb run may also be put in the context of „story or article‟. It carries meaning „to print a story etc in a newspaper or magazine‟. When we have a sentence The newspaper editor finally decided not to run the story due to privacy, the agent, i.e. the newspaper editor, has intended purpose objective not to print or publish the story because of one‟s privacy. Another example of a sentence is The mass media is currently running news about extreme weather happened in some places. The agent is the mass media, which has the intended purpose to publish news about current issue faced by many people. Within the context of „temperature or fever‟, the verb run means „to have a body temperature that is higher than normal, because one is ill ‟. As we can see in a sentence Jackson is running a temperature of a 102°F, the experiencer Jackson, has no intention at all to have a high temperature and suffer from a fever. In this context, 71 the agent can be human from all ages babies, toddlers, children, adults and elderly and even the animals can suffer from high temperature or fever. The writer could find two more semantic domains, i.e. tool, which is based on parts of the body, political party and moneyproductbusiness, and objective which can be classified as profit and non-profit. The comparative table can be presented as follows: Table 4.3: Comparative Analysis among RUN, RACE, GALLOP and SPRINT beyond the conceptual meaning RUN RACE GALLOP SPRINT Tool Parts of the Body + + + + Political Party +    MoneyProductBusiness +    Means of transportation + +   DeviceEquipmentInstrument + +   Objective Profit +     Non-Profit +  + + + The writer separated these semantic properties from the previous one as the meaning is not on the conceptual meaning anymore. When we use parts of the body as tool to perform run, race, gallop and sprint, it is still on the conceptual meaning given the sign all “+”. But when it is dealing with political party as a tool, it is on the connotative meaning, i.e. the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content Leech, 1981:12. Likewise, when it refers to money or product or business, the verb run is only put in the connotative meaning. Another semantic domain which is separated by the writer is the „objective‟. For some reasons, it might be used in conceptual meaning, like the all the verbs are for non-profit purposes. However, only run is used for profit objective. As we can see 72 in the sentence Mr. Lorenzo is running a sea-food restaurant downtown, the agent Mr. Lorenzo has a particular objective, i.e. to obtain profit. This sentence has connotative meaning for the verb run as it is no longer use parts of the body to do, but of money or product or business.

4.2.2 Semantic Properties Related to the Verb RUN as a Phrasal Verb