Fantasy Any dreaming so much that little gets done.
Rigidity Having difficulty in behaving or thinking in new ways,
having a tendency to follow rituals in behavior.
Organic symptoms Suffering from fatigue, illnesses, and ailments that occur
without medical basis.
Hostility Being unduly ready to fight, argue, or verbally attack
others
Ineffectiveness Being unable to make decisions: disliking responsibility
for one’s own behavior; behaving in an immature fashion.
Unhappiness and tension
Seeing the world as difficult, tense place.
Inadequate interpersonal
relations Having contacts with other people marked by hostility,
arguments, tension, suspicion, overdependence, and other signs of inadequacy.
B. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer employs the theory of character and characterization to analyze the character traits of the main characters. The writer
finds that the nine ways of characterization are appropriate to reveal the characteristics of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel as the main characters. The aim of
using the theory of characterization is to reveal the characteristics of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel. The writer applies the nine ways of characterization, to find
out the feeling, thoughts, actions, and motivations of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel. The characteristics of the main characters which are good or bad could be shown
by their psychological condition and physical movement. In answering the second question, the writer applies theory of hierarchy of
human needs by Maslow, theory of deprivation of love by Hurlock, and theory of death and loss by Kalish, to find out the effects of the absence of love on main
characters’ behavior. Theory of hierarchy of human needs helps the writer to
analyze how love in each main character gives contribution in their life as one of their needs. Theory of deprivation of love helps the writer in analyzing the effects
of deprivation of love which have been reported to human physical, social, and emotional. Theory of death and loss helps the writer to analyze the death of
someone which affects the main characters’ behavior. In answering the second question in the problem formulation, the writer
also uses the theory of coping stress by Morris, theory of adjustment mechanism by Carroll, and theory of symptoms of non-normal behavior by Kalish. Theory of
coping stress helps the writer to analyze the effects of the absence of love in the main characters’ behavior as a way to defend themselves from stress they
experience. Theory of adjustment mechanism helps the writer to analyze the main characters’ behavior after experience the absence of love in her life to adjust
themselves from the problem they face. Theory of symptoms of non-normal behavior guides the writer in analyzing the influences on the main characters’
behavior, after they experience the absence of love in their life, which are included in the symptoms of non-normal behavior.
