9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the theories related to this research and it consists of two parts. They are theoretical description and
theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
Theoretical description discusses about theories which are used in this research. They are the description of research and development R D, reading,
types of reading, assessing reading, designing reading exercises and assessment tasks, weblog, Hot-Potatoes program and teaching adolescence which are going to
be discussed in this research.
1. Research and Development R D
According to Kemp 1989, research and development or instructional- design plan supplies to answer three questions. They are:
“What must be learned? What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired learning
levels? How will we know when the required learning has taken place?” The first question is the objectives, the second question is the activities and resources, and
the last question is the evaluation process. Those three questions consider as essential elements in instructional technology p. 8. Research and development
have several components depend on the needs of the research. Almost all research and development components have similarities, such as in Kemp 1989 and
10 Morrison, Ross, Kalman, and Kemp 2011. The first research and development
by Kemp 1989 have eight components. They are considering and stating the general goals for teaching, arranging the learner characteristics, broadening the
learning objectives, classifying the subject content, advancing pre-assessments to decide students‟ characteristics, adopting teaching and learning activities,
administering support service includes budget, personnel, facilities, and evaluating students‟ learning process to make design revision. Then, the second research and
development by Morrison, Ross, Kalman, Kemp 2011 have ten components. They are instructional problems, learner and context, task analysis, instructional
objectives, content sequencing, instructional strategies, designing the messages, developing of the instruction, evaluating the instruments, and ongoing process.
This research adapts four components out of those two theories of research and development. The description of the four components are as follows:
a. Need Analysing
The first component of research and development are to analyse the problems and
to identify students‟ needs in their reading performance. The researcher begins this research from analyzing and identifying
the students‟ needs. As preliminary field-testing, two instruments are used to analyse and identify the
students‟ needs. The two instruments are interview and questionnaire. The researcher interviews two English teachers of SMP Pangudi Luhur 1 Yogyakarta
to get the problem analyses and teachers‟ view point. Then, the researcher
distributes the questionnaire to the seventh grade students of SMP Pangudi Luhur 1 Yogyakarta. The data questionnaire are used
to find the students‟ needs and to
Kategori